The Cell Biology of Archaea

The past decade has revealed the diversity and ubiquity of archaea in nature, with a growing number of studies highlighting their importance in ecology, biotechnology, and even human health. Myriad lineages have been discovered, which expanded the phylogenetic breadth of archaea, and revealed their central role in the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes. These discoveries, coupled with advances that enable the culturing and live imaging of archaeal cells under extreme environments, have underpinned a better understanding of their biology. In this review, we focus on the shape, internal organization and surface structures that are characteristic of archaeal cells, as well as membrane remodelling, cell growth and division. We also highlight some of the technical challenges faced, and discuss how new and improved technologies will help to address many of the key unanswered questions.