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The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements
Our defenses against infection rely on the ability of the immune system to distinguish invading pathogens from self. This task is exceptionally challenging, if not seemingly impossible, in the case of retroviruses that have integrated almost seamlessly into the host. This review examines the limits...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615088/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36630597 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-033341 |
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author | Kassiotis, George |
author_facet | Kassiotis, George |
author_sort | Kassiotis, George |
collection | PubMed |
description | Our defenses against infection rely on the ability of the immune system to distinguish invading pathogens from self. This task is exceptionally challenging, if not seemingly impossible, in the case of retroviruses that have integrated almost seamlessly into the host. This review examines the limits of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by endogenous retroviruses and other retroelements, the targets of immune recognition, and the consequences for host health and disease. Contrary to theoretical expectation, endogenous retroelements retain substantial immunogenicity, which manifests most profoundly when their epigenetic repression is compromised, contributing to autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease and age-related inflammation. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that regulated immune reactivity to endogenous retroelements is integral to immune system development and function, underpinning cancer immunosurveillance, resistance to infection, and responses to the microbiota. Elucidation of the interaction points with endogenous retroelements will therefore deepen our understanding of immune system function and contribution to disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7615088 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76150882023-09-14 The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements Kassiotis, George Annu Rev Immunol Article Our defenses against infection rely on the ability of the immune system to distinguish invading pathogens from self. This task is exceptionally challenging, if not seemingly impossible, in the case of retroviruses that have integrated almost seamlessly into the host. This review examines the limits of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by endogenous retroviruses and other retroelements, the targets of immune recognition, and the consequences for host health and disease. Contrary to theoretical expectation, endogenous retroelements retain substantial immunogenicity, which manifests most profoundly when their epigenetic repression is compromised, contributing to autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease and age-related inflammation. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that regulated immune reactivity to endogenous retroelements is integral to immune system development and function, underpinning cancer immunosurveillance, resistance to infection, and responses to the microbiota. Elucidation of the interaction points with endogenous retroelements will therefore deepen our understanding of immune system function and contribution to disease. 2023-04-26 2023-01-11 /pmc/articles/PMC7615088/ /pubmed/36630597 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-033341 Text en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This work is licensed under a BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) International license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information. |
spellingShingle | Article Kassiotis, George The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title | The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title_full | The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title_fullStr | The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title_full_unstemmed | The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title_short | The Immunological Conundrum of Endogenous Retroelements |
title_sort | immunological conundrum of endogenous retroelements |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615088/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36630597 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101721-033341 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kassiotisgeorge theimmunologicalconundrumofendogenousretroelements AT kassiotisgeorge immunologicalconundrumofendogenousretroelements |