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The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State

Febrile seizures, commonly in children between the ages of 3 months to 5 years, are a neurological abnormality characterized by neuronal hyper-excitability, that occur as a result of an increased core body temperature during a fever, which was caused by an underlying systemic infection. Such infecti...

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Autores principales: Mosili, Palesa, Maikoo, Shreyal, Mabandla, Musa, Vuyisile, Qulu, Lihle
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649866/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33225279
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520956973
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author Mosili, Palesa
Maikoo, Shreyal
Mabandla, Musa, Vuyisile
Qulu, Lihle
author_facet Mosili, Palesa
Maikoo, Shreyal
Mabandla, Musa, Vuyisile
Qulu, Lihle
author_sort Mosili, Palesa
collection PubMed
description Febrile seizures, commonly in children between the ages of 3 months to 5 years, are a neurological abnormality characterized by neuronal hyper-excitability, that occur as a result of an increased core body temperature during a fever, which was caused by an underlying systemic infection. Such infections cause the immune system to elicit an inflammatory response resulting in the release of cytokines from macrophages. The cytokines such as interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) combat the infection in the localized area ultimately spilling over into circulation resulting in elevated cytokine levels. The cytokines, along with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on pathogens for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interact with the blood brain barrier (BBB) causing a ‘leaky’ BBB which facilitates cytokines and LPS entry into the central nervous system. The cytokines activate the microglia which release their own cytokines, specifically IL1β. IL-β interacts with the brain endothelium resulting in the activation of cyclooxygenase 2 which catalyzes the production of prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). PGE2 enters the hypothalamic region and induces a fever. Abnormally increased IL-1β levels also progressively increases excitatory (glutamatergic) neurotransmission, and decreases inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmission, thus mediating the pathogenesis of convulsions. Current treatments for febrile seizures present with side effects that are detrimental to health, which fosters the need for an alternative, more affordable treatment with fewer adverse side effects, and 1 that is easily accessible, especially in low income areas that are also affected by other underlying socio-economic factors, in which febrile seizures are of growing concern.
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spelling pubmed-76498662020-11-19 The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State Mosili, Palesa Maikoo, Shreyal Mabandla, Musa, Vuyisile Qulu, Lihle Neurosci Insights Review Febrile seizures, commonly in children between the ages of 3 months to 5 years, are a neurological abnormality characterized by neuronal hyper-excitability, that occur as a result of an increased core body temperature during a fever, which was caused by an underlying systemic infection. Such infections cause the immune system to elicit an inflammatory response resulting in the release of cytokines from macrophages. The cytokines such as interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) combat the infection in the localized area ultimately spilling over into circulation resulting in elevated cytokine levels. The cytokines, along with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on pathogens for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interact with the blood brain barrier (BBB) causing a ‘leaky’ BBB which facilitates cytokines and LPS entry into the central nervous system. The cytokines activate the microglia which release their own cytokines, specifically IL1β. IL-β interacts with the brain endothelium resulting in the activation of cyclooxygenase 2 which catalyzes the production of prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). PGE2 enters the hypothalamic region and induces a fever. Abnormally increased IL-1β levels also progressively increases excitatory (glutamatergic) neurotransmission, and decreases inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmission, thus mediating the pathogenesis of convulsions. Current treatments for febrile seizures present with side effects that are detrimental to health, which fosters the need for an alternative, more affordable treatment with fewer adverse side effects, and 1 that is easily accessible, especially in low income areas that are also affected by other underlying socio-economic factors, in which febrile seizures are of growing concern. SAGE Publications 2020-11-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7649866/ /pubmed/33225279 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520956973 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
spellingShingle Review
Mosili, Palesa
Maikoo, Shreyal
Mabandla, Musa, Vuyisile
Qulu, Lihle
The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title_full The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title_fullStr The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title_full_unstemmed The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title_short The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
title_sort pathogenesis of fever-induced febrile seizures and its current state
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649866/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33225279
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520956973
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