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Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive control of motor activities and timing of future intensions. This study investigated the cognitive control of balance recovery in response to unpredictable gait perturbations and the role of PFC subregions in learning by repetition. Bilateral dors...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7652266/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33166309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241562 |
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author | Lee, Beom-Chan Choi, Jongkwan Martin, Bernard J. |
author_facet | Lee, Beom-Chan Choi, Jongkwan Martin, Bernard J. |
author_sort | Lee, Beom-Chan |
collection | PubMed |
description | The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive control of motor activities and timing of future intensions. This study investigated the cognitive control of balance recovery in response to unpredictable gait perturbations and the role of PFC subregions in learning by repetition. Bilateral dorsolateral (DLPFC), ventrolateral (VLPFC), frontopolar (FPFC) and orbitofrontal (OFC) cortex hemodynamic changes induced by unpredictable slips were analyzed as a function of successive trials in ten healthy young adults. Slips were induced by the acceleration of one belt as the participant walked on a split-belt treadmill. A portable functional near-infrared spectroscope monitored PFC activities quantified by oxyhemoglobin (ΔO(2)Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR) during the consecutive trial phases: standing, walking, slip-recovery. During the first 3 trials, the average oxyhemoglobin (ΔO(2)Hb(avg)) in the DLPFC, VLPFC, FPFC, and OFC cortex was significantly higher during slip-recovery than unperturbed walking or the standing baseline. Then, ΔO(2)Hb(avg) decreased progressively from trial-to-trial in the DLPFC, VLPFC, and FPFC, but increased and then remained constant in the OFC. The average deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR(avg)) presented mirror patterns. These changes after the third trial were paralleled by the progressive improvement of recovery revealed by kinematic variables. The results corroborate our previous hypothesis that only timing of the onset of a “good enough recovery motor program” is learned with practice. They also strongly support the assumption that the PFC contributes to the recall of pre-existing motor programs whose onset timing is adjusted by the OFC. Hence, learning is clearly divided into two steps delineated by the switch in activity of the OFC. Additionally, motor processes appear to share the working memory as well as decisional and predictive resources of the cognitive system. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7652266 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76522662020-11-18 Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs Lee, Beom-Chan Choi, Jongkwan Martin, Bernard J. PLoS One Research Article The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive control of motor activities and timing of future intensions. This study investigated the cognitive control of balance recovery in response to unpredictable gait perturbations and the role of PFC subregions in learning by repetition. Bilateral dorsolateral (DLPFC), ventrolateral (VLPFC), frontopolar (FPFC) and orbitofrontal (OFC) cortex hemodynamic changes induced by unpredictable slips were analyzed as a function of successive trials in ten healthy young adults. Slips were induced by the acceleration of one belt as the participant walked on a split-belt treadmill. A portable functional near-infrared spectroscope monitored PFC activities quantified by oxyhemoglobin (ΔO(2)Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR) during the consecutive trial phases: standing, walking, slip-recovery. During the first 3 trials, the average oxyhemoglobin (ΔO(2)Hb(avg)) in the DLPFC, VLPFC, FPFC, and OFC cortex was significantly higher during slip-recovery than unperturbed walking or the standing baseline. Then, ΔO(2)Hb(avg) decreased progressively from trial-to-trial in the DLPFC, VLPFC, and FPFC, but increased and then remained constant in the OFC. The average deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHbR(avg)) presented mirror patterns. These changes after the third trial were paralleled by the progressive improvement of recovery revealed by kinematic variables. The results corroborate our previous hypothesis that only timing of the onset of a “good enough recovery motor program” is learned with practice. They also strongly support the assumption that the PFC contributes to the recall of pre-existing motor programs whose onset timing is adjusted by the OFC. Hence, learning is clearly divided into two steps delineated by the switch in activity of the OFC. Additionally, motor processes appear to share the working memory as well as decisional and predictive resources of the cognitive system. Public Library of Science 2020-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7652266/ /pubmed/33166309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241562 Text en © 2020 Lee et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Lee, Beom-Chan Choi, Jongkwan Martin, Bernard J. Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title | Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title_full | Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title_fullStr | Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title_full_unstemmed | Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title_short | Roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
title_sort | roles of the prefrontal cortex in learning to time the onset of pre-existing motor programs |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7652266/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33166309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241562 |
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