KLF3 promotes the 8‐cell‐like transcriptional state in pluripotent stem cells

OBJECTIVES: Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) culture contains various heterogeneous populations, which serve as excellent models to study gene regulation in early embryo development. The heterogeneity is typically defined by transcriptional activities, for example, the expression of Nanog or Rex1 mRNA. Our objectives were to identify mESC heterogeneity that are caused by mechanisms other than transcriptional control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Klf3 mRNA and protein were analysed by RT‐qPCR, Western blotting or immunofluorescence in mESCs, C2C12 cells, early mouse embryos and various mouse tissues. An ESC reporter line expressing KLF3‐GFP fusion protein was made to study heterogeneity of KLF3 protein expression in ESCs. GFP‐positive mESCs were sorted for further analysis including RT‐qPCR and RNA‐seq. RESULTS: In the majority of mESCs, KLF3 protein is actively degraded due to its proline‐rich sequence and highly disordered structure. Interestingly, KLF3 protein is stabilized in a small subset of mESCs. Transcriptome analysis indicates that KLF3‐positive mESCs upregulate genes that are initially activated in 8‐cell embryos. Consistently, KLF3 protein but not mRNA is dramatically increased in 8‐cell embryos. Forced expression of KLF3 protein in mESCs promotes the expression of 8‐cell‐embryo activated genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies previously unrecognized heterogeneity due to KLF3 protein expression in mESCs.