Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in older patients with chronic kidney disease: the China Hypertension Survey (2012-2015)

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality for older chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the epidemiological data is scarce. We aimed to determine the prevalence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and HF, and to explore the risk factors for HF among those patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of the China Hypertension Survey conducted between October 2012 and December 2015. A total of 5, 808 participants aged ≥ 65 years were included in the analysis. Self-reported history of HF and any other cardiovascular diseases was acquired. 2-D and Doppler echocardiography were used to assess LV dysfunction. CKD was defined as either estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) or urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g. RESULTS: Among CKD patients aged ≥ 65 years, the weighted prevalence of HF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was 4.8%, 2.5%, 0.8%, and 1.7%, respectively. The weighted prevalence of HF was 5.0% in patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), and was 5.9% in patients with ACR ≥ 30 mg/g. The prevalence of LV systolic dysfunction was 3.1%, and while it was 8.9% for moderate/severe diastolic dysfunction. Multivariate analysis showed that smoking was significantly associated with the risk of HF. Furthermore, age, smoking, and residents in rural areas were significantly associated with a risk of LV diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HF and LV dysfunction was high in older patients with CKD, suggesting that particular strategies will be required.