High level of expressed emotions in the family of people with schizophrenia: has a covert abrasive behaviours component been overlooked?

BACKGROUND: High expressed emotion (EE) in a patient's family is a known risk factor of relapse in schizophrenia. The three components of high EE – criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement – were developed through a data-driven approach and a focus on overt abrasive behaviours. The influence of covert abrasive behaviours has not been explored. AIMS AND METHODS: This study aims to explore both overt and covert abrasive behaviours through semi-structured interviews conducted with 22 people with schizophrenia, who were recruited through iterative purposive sampling. RESULTS: Thematic analysis suggests that participants' experiences of overt abrasive behaviours resonate with the three-factor structure of high EE, except “emotional over-involvement” is renamed to “over-involvement” to focus on behaviours and embrace different levels or types of emotional reactions. Regarding covert abrasive behaviours, two domains are proposed: disassociation and apathy, which focus on family members' disengaging actions and indifferent attitudes respectively. While both overt and covert abrasive behaviours cause psychological distresses and behavioural reactions on the participants, their precise impacts are not entirely the same. CONCLUSION: People with schizophrenia experience both overt and covert abrasive behaviours with family members. The findings of this study may expand the conceptualization of high EE, enhance its content validity, and provide an extended conceptual framework for developing more comprehensive measures.