Distinct Molecular Pattern-Induced Calcium Signatures Lead to Different Downstream Transcriptional Regulations via AtSR1/CAMTA3

Plants encrypt the perception of different pathogenic stimuli into specific intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) signatures and subsequently decrypt the signatures into appropriate downstream responses through various Ca(2+) sensors. Two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), bacterial flg22 and fungal chitin, and one damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), AtPep1, were used to study the differential Ca(2+) signatures in Arabidopsis leaves. The results revealed that flg22, chitin, and AtPep1 induced distinct changes in Ca(2+) dynamics in both the cytosol and nucleus. In addition, Flg22 and chitin upregulated the expression of salicylic acid-related genes, ICS1 and EDS1, whereas AtPep1 upregulated the expression of jasmonic acid-related genes, JAZ1 and PDF1.2, in addition to ICS1 and EDS1. These data demonstrated that distinct Ca(2+) signatures caused by different molecular patterns in leaf cells lead to specific downstream events. Furthermore, these changes in the expression of defense-related genes were disrupted in a knockout mutant of the AtSR1/CAMTA3 gene, encoding a calmodulin-binding transcription factor, in which a calmodulin-binding domain on AtSR1 was required for deciphering the Ca(2+) signatures into downstream transcription events. These observations extend our knowledge regarding unique and intrinsic roles for Ca(2+) signaling in launching and fine-tuning plant immune response, which are mediated by the AtSR1/CAMTA3 transcription factor.