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Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe
BACKGROUND: The use of the Asian tobacco waterpipe (TWP) in the Lao People's Democratic Republic represents a potential communal source of infectious disease. This practice of smoking can lead to weakened defences of a smoker's respiratory epithelium, making the smoker vulnerable to respir...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7665567/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33049758 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa078 |
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author | Sinclair, Ryan G Somsamouth, Khamphithoun Sahar, Demetria Englert, Robyn Singh, Pramil |
author_facet | Sinclair, Ryan G Somsamouth, Khamphithoun Sahar, Demetria Englert, Robyn Singh, Pramil |
author_sort | Sinclair, Ryan G |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The use of the Asian tobacco waterpipe (TWP) in the Lao People's Democratic Republic represents a potential communal source of infectious disease. This practice of smoking can lead to weakened defences of a smoker's respiratory epithelium, making the smoker vulnerable to respiratory diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019, tuberculosis and others. METHODS: This study evaluated the water quality and hygiene factors among 43 smokers of five villages in rural Luang Namtha Province. Water samples were collected from participant's TWPs and assessed for the presence of Escherichia coli, coliforms and aerobic plate count (APC) bacteria using the 3M Petrifilm. RESULTS: The microbial indicator testing results were 95% positive for the APC, 38% positive for coliforms and 17% positive for the E. coli indicator. The concentrations were highest for the APC, with an average of 10(6) colony forming units (cfu)/ml, followed by coliforms with <100 cfu/ml and lowest for E. coli with <10 cfu/ml. Most TWPs were infrequently cleaned, heavily used and contained a warm, brown-coloured water. CONCLUSIONS: The warm, dark and moist internal water container may facilitate microbial survival and growth. The use of a TWP adds several unstudied modes of transmission to a complex and common biobehavioural and environmental pathogen exposure. Future TWP cessation activities should be tailored to consider risks of infectious disease transmission. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7665567 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-76655672020-11-16 Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe Sinclair, Ryan G Somsamouth, Khamphithoun Sahar, Demetria Englert, Robyn Singh, Pramil Int Health Original Article BACKGROUND: The use of the Asian tobacco waterpipe (TWP) in the Lao People's Democratic Republic represents a potential communal source of infectious disease. This practice of smoking can lead to weakened defences of a smoker's respiratory epithelium, making the smoker vulnerable to respiratory diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019, tuberculosis and others. METHODS: This study evaluated the water quality and hygiene factors among 43 smokers of five villages in rural Luang Namtha Province. Water samples were collected from participant's TWPs and assessed for the presence of Escherichia coli, coliforms and aerobic plate count (APC) bacteria using the 3M Petrifilm. RESULTS: The microbial indicator testing results were 95% positive for the APC, 38% positive for coliforms and 17% positive for the E. coli indicator. The concentrations were highest for the APC, with an average of 10(6) colony forming units (cfu)/ml, followed by coliforms with <100 cfu/ml and lowest for E. coli with <10 cfu/ml. Most TWPs were infrequently cleaned, heavily used and contained a warm, brown-coloured water. CONCLUSIONS: The warm, dark and moist internal water container may facilitate microbial survival and growth. The use of a TWP adds several unstudied modes of transmission to a complex and common biobehavioural and environmental pathogen exposure. Future TWP cessation activities should be tailored to consider risks of infectious disease transmission. Oxford University Press 2020-10-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7665567/ /pubmed/33049758 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa078 Text en © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com |
spellingShingle | Original Article Sinclair, Ryan G Somsamouth, Khamphithoun Sahar, Demetria Englert, Robyn Singh, Pramil Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title | Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title_full | Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title_fullStr | Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title_full_unstemmed | Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title_short | Microbial contamination in the communal-use Lao tobacco waterpipe |
title_sort | microbial contamination in the communal-use lao tobacco waterpipe |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7665567/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33049758 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa078 |
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