Enhanced photochemical formation of secondary organic aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown in Northern China

To eliminate the spread of a novel coronavirus breaking out in the end of 2019 (COVID-19), the Chinese government has implemented a nationwide lockdown policy after the Chinese lunar New Year of 2020, resulting in a sharp reduction in air pollutant emissions. To investigate the impact of the lockdown on aerosol chemistry, the number fraction, size distribution and formation process of oxalic acid (C(2)) containing particles and its precursors were studied using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at the urban site of Liaocheng in the North China Plain (NCP). Our results showed that five air pollutants (i.e., PM(2.5), PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), and CO) decreased by 30.0–59.8% during the lockdown compared to those before the lockdown, while O(3) increased by 63.9% during the lockdown mainly due to the inefficient titration effect of O(3) via NO reduction. The increased O(3) concentration can boost the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and further enhance the formation of secondary organic aerosols, thereby significantly enhancing the C(2) particles and its precursors as observed during the lockdown. Before the lockdown, C(2) particles were significantly originated from biomass burning emissions and their subsequent aqueous-phase oxidation. The hourly variation patterns and correlation analysis before the lockdown suggested that relative humidity (RH) and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) played a key role in the formation of C(2) particles and the increased aerosol acidity can promote the conversion of precursors such as glyoxal (Gly) and methyglyoxal (mGly) into C(2) particles in the aqueous phase. RH and ALWC decreased sharply but O(3) concentration and solar radiation increased remarkably during the lockdown, the O(3)-dominated photochemical pathways played an important role in the formation of C(2) particles in which aerosol acidity was ineffective. Our study indicated that air pollution treatment sponges on a joint-control and balanced strategy for controlling numerous pollutants.