Sulfur Reduction at Hyperthermoacidophilic Conditions with Mesophilic Anaerobic Sludge as the Inoculum

[Image: see text] Sulfur reduction at hyperthermoacidophilic conditions represents a promising opportunity for metal sulfide precipitation from hot acidic metallurgical streams, avoiding costly cooling down. The suitability of mesophilic anaerobic sludges as the inoculum for sulfur-reducing bioreactors operated at high temperature and low pH was explored. We examined sludges from full-scale anaerobic reactors for sulfur-reducing activity at pH 2.0–3.5 and 70 or 80 °C, with H(2) as an electron donor. At pH 3.5 in batch experiments, sulfidogenesis started within 4 days, reaching up to 100–200 mg·L(–1) of dissolved sulfide produced after 19–24 days, depending on the origin of the sludge. Sulfidogenesis resumed after removing H(2)S by flushing with nitrogen gas, indicating that sulfide was limiting the conversion. The best performing sludge was used to inoculate a 4 L gas-lift reactor fed with H(2) as the electron donor, CO(2) as the carbon source, and elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor. The reactor was operated in semibatch mode at a pH 3.5 and 80 °C, and stable sulfide production rates of 60–80 mg·L(–1)·d(–1) were achieved for a period of 24 days, without formation of methane or acetate. Our results reveal the potential of mesophilic anaerobic sludges as seed material for sulfur-reducing bioprocesses operated at hyperthermoacidophilic conditions. The process needs further optimization of the volumetric sulfide production rate to gain relevance for practice.