Free-running cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting: Joint T1/T2 map and Cine imaging

PURPOSE: To develop and evaluate a novel non-ECG triggered 2D magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) sequence allowing for simultaneous myocardial T(1) and T(2) mapping and cardiac Cine imaging. METHODS: Cardiac MRF (cMRF) has been recently proposed to provide joint T(1)/T(2) myocardial mapping by triggering the acquisition to mid-diastole and relying on a subject-dependent dictionary of MR signal evolutions to generate the maps. In this work, we propose a novel “free-running” (non-ECG triggered) cMRF framework for simultaneous myocardial T(1) and T(2) mapping and cardiac Cine imaging in a single scan. Free-running cMRF is based on a transient state bSSFP acquisition with tiny golden angle radial readouts, varying flip angle and multiple adiabatic inversion pulses. The acquired data is retrospectively gated into several cardiac phases, which are reconstructed with an approach that combines parallel imaging, low rank modelling and patch-based high-order tensor regularization. Free-running cMRF was evaluated in a standardized phantom and ten healthy subjects. Comparison with reference spin-echo, MOLLI, SASHA, T(2)-GRASE and Cine was performed. RESULTS: T(1) and T(2) values obtained with the proposed approach were in good agreement with reference phantom values (ICC(A,1) > 0.99). Reported values for myocardium septum T(1) were 1043 ± 48 ms, 1150 ± 100 ms and 1160 ± 79 ms for MOLLI, SASHA and free-running cMRF respectively and for T(2) of 51.7 ± 4.1 ms and 44.6 ± 4.1 ms for T(2)-GRASE and free-running cMRF respectively. Good agreement was observed between free-running cMRF and conventional Cine 2D ejection fraction (bias = −0.83%). CONCLUSION: The proposed free-running cardiac MRF approach allows for simultaneous assessment of myocardial T(1) and T(2) and Cine imaging in a single scan.