Hépatite auto-immune déclenchée après une hépatite aiguë grave à Epstein Barr virus

Non-alphabetical hepatitis (Epstein Barr virus -EBV-, cytomegalovirus -CMV-, Herpes simplex virus -HSV-, varicella zoster virus -VZV-etc.) may be a mode of revelation of several underlying chronic liver diseases including autoimmune hepatitis (HAI). We report a peculiar case of acute EBV hepatitis, revealing type I autoimmune hepatitis confirmed by liver biopsy through puncture in a female patient on breast cancer treatment. The study involved a 29-year-old female patient on breast cancer treatment scheduled to receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy, hospitalized for acute severe hepatitis (fever with jaundice, hypertransaminasemia (normal AST level 47 and normal ALT level 23 and prothrombin activity 25%). The test for viral hepatitis A, B, C, and E was negative and subhepatic veins were free on doppler. Non-alphabetical hepatitis was suspected based on fever with jaundice. Patient’s assessment showed recent EBV infection diagnosed on the basis of the presence of anti-VAC IgM/G and anti-EBNA Ab IgG. The patient received acyclovir for 10 days. Progression was marked by ascites. The diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis was retained based on laboratory tests (gamma peak on serum protein electrophoresis and positive anti-nuclear antibodies) and histological examination. Clinical-biological remission was obtained with corticosteroid therapy. EBV infections should be investigated in immunocompromised patients with fever in the clinical course of acute hepatitis. Practitioners should also suspect it in patients with persistent cytolysis following an infectious episode in order to prevent the occurrence of autoimmune hepatitis, in particular in female patients, in a context of self-immunity and negative serological tests for alphabetical viral hepatitis.