Cargando…

Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND: Increase in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become a health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high-risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in th...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Gobalarajah, Kalaivani, Subramaniam, Prabagar, Jayawardena, Uthpala Apekshani, Rasiah, Gobalarajah, Rajendra, Sittampalam, Prabagar, Jasotha
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7687782/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33238896
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02157-1
_version_ 1783613593972899840
author Gobalarajah, Kalaivani
Subramaniam, Prabagar
Jayawardena, Uthpala Apekshani
Rasiah, Gobalarajah
Rajendra, Sittampalam
Prabagar, Jasotha
author_facet Gobalarajah, Kalaivani
Subramaniam, Prabagar
Jayawardena, Uthpala Apekshani
Rasiah, Gobalarajah
Rajendra, Sittampalam
Prabagar, Jasotha
author_sort Gobalarajah, Kalaivani
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Increase in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become a health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high-risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern Province. METHODS: The present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data from the CKDu patients. The association between serum creatinine excreted by CKDu patients and the water quality parameters were determined by using linear regression model. RESULTS: Among the patients, 80% were male with over 68% falling in the age range of 50–70. Majority (90%) were involved in agriculture related occupation. Smoking and alcohol consumption were detected as common habits among 40% of the patients. Secondarily developed, hypertension (60%) and diabetes (34%) were reported as common diseases in the area. Dug wells served as the commonest source of drinking water in the area (90% households) together with few tube wells. Physicochemistry of more than 50% of the water samples revealed higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka. CONCLUSIONS: Serum creatinine levels of the CKDu patients were significantly and negatively correlated with phosphate while positively correlated with total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic content of the drinking water. Geospatial mapping of TDS and arsenic in drinking water with the occurrence of higher serum creatinine levels confirmed the same trend. Thus, the total dissolved solids and arsenic in drinking water may have positive correlation with the occurrence of CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District of Sri Lanka.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7687782
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher BioMed Central
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-76877822020-11-30 Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka Gobalarajah, Kalaivani Subramaniam, Prabagar Jayawardena, Uthpala Apekshani Rasiah, Gobalarajah Rajendra, Sittampalam Prabagar, Jasotha BMC Nephrol Research Article BACKGROUND: Increase in the number of cases in Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka has become a health issue of national concern. Even though, Northern Province is not identified as a high-risk province, there is an increasing trend of CKDu after the end of civil war in the Northern Province. METHODS: The present study was conducted in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District to investigate the socio demographic and clinical pattern of CKDu patients and to evaluate the quality of their water sources. The samples were selected by using stratified purposive random sampling method which represented 29% of total CKDu patients in Thunukkai Division. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to collect the data from the CKDu patients. The association between serum creatinine excreted by CKDu patients and the water quality parameters were determined by using linear regression model. RESULTS: Among the patients, 80% were male with over 68% falling in the age range of 50–70. Majority (90%) were involved in agriculture related occupation. Smoking and alcohol consumption were detected as common habits among 40% of the patients. Secondarily developed, hypertension (60%) and diabetes (34%) were reported as common diseases in the area. Dug wells served as the commonest source of drinking water in the area (90% households) together with few tube wells. Physicochemistry of more than 50% of the water samples revealed higher electric conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and Na levels compared to drinking water standards in Sri Lanka. CONCLUSIONS: Serum creatinine levels of the CKDu patients were significantly and negatively correlated with phosphate while positively correlated with total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic content of the drinking water. Geospatial mapping of TDS and arsenic in drinking water with the occurrence of higher serum creatinine levels confirmed the same trend. Thus, the total dissolved solids and arsenic in drinking water may have positive correlation with the occurrence of CKDu in Thunukkai region in the Mullaitivu District of Sri Lanka. BioMed Central 2020-11-25 /pmc/articles/PMC7687782/ /pubmed/33238896 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02157-1 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research Article
Gobalarajah, Kalaivani
Subramaniam, Prabagar
Jayawardena, Uthpala Apekshani
Rasiah, Gobalarajah
Rajendra, Sittampalam
Prabagar, Jasotha
Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title_full Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title_fullStr Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title_full_unstemmed Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title_short Impact of water quality on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Thunukkai Division in Mullaitivu District, Sri Lanka
title_sort impact of water quality on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (ckdu) in thunukkai division in mullaitivu district, sri lanka
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7687782/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33238896
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02157-1
work_keys_str_mv AT gobalarajahkalaivani impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka
AT subramaniamprabagar impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka
AT jayawardenauthpalaapekshani impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka
AT rasiahgobalarajah impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka
AT rajendrasittampalam impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka
AT prabagarjasotha impactofwaterqualityonchronickidneydiseaseofunknownetiologyckduinthunukkaidivisioninmullaitivudistrictsrilanka