Genomic islands and the evolution of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus genomes

Background: Genomic Islands (GIs) are commonly believed to be relics of horizontal transfer and associated with specific metabolic capacities, including virulence of the strain. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a vital role in the acquisition of GIs and the evolution and adaptation of bacterial genomes. Objective: The present study was designed to predict the GIs and role of HGT in evolution of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA). Methods: GIs were predicted with two methods namely, Ensemble algorithm for Genomic Island Detection (EGID) tool, and Seq word Sniffer script. Functional characterization of GI elements was performed with clustering of orthologs. The putative donor predictions of GIs was done with the aid of the pre_GI database. Results: The present study predicted a pan of 46 GIs across the LA-SA genomes. Functional characterization of GI sequences revealed few unique results like the presence of metabolic operons like leuABCD and folPK genes in GIs and showed the importance of GIs in the adaptation to the host niche. The developed framework for GI donor prediction results revealed Rickettsia and Mycoplasma as the major donors of GI elements. Conclusions: The role of GIs during the evolutionary race of LA-SA could be concluded from the present study. Niche adaptation of LA-SA enhanced presumably due to these GIs. Future studies could focus on the evolutionary relationships between Rickettsia and Mycoplasma sp. with S. aureus and also the evolution of Leucine/Isoleucine mosaic operon (leuABCD).