Exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokine via TLR2 from Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

Aspiration pneumonia is a major health problem owing to its high mortality rate in elderly people. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 by respiratory epithelial cells, which is induced by infection of respiratory bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, contributes to the onset of pneumonia. These cytokines thus play a key role in orchestrating inflammatory responses in the lower respiratory tract. In contrast, chronic periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the infection of periodontopathic bacteria, typically Porphyromonas gingivalis, is one of the most prevalent microbial diseases affecting humans globally. Although emerging evidence has revealed an association between aspiration pneumonia and chronic periodontitis, a causal relationship between periodontopathic bacteria and the onset of aspiration pneumonia has not been established. Most periodontopathic bacteria are anaerobic and are therefore unlikely to survive in the lower respiratory organs of humans. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether simple contact by heat-inactivated P. gingivalis induced proinflammatory cytokine production by several human respiratory epithelial cell lines. We found that P. gingivalis induced strong IL-8 and IL-6 secretion by BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. P. gingivalis also induced strong IL-8 secretion by Detroit 562 pharyngeal epithelial cells but not by A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Additionally, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 but not TLR4 was involved in the P. gingivalis-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, P. gingivalis induced considerably higher IL-8 and IL-6 production than heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae. Our results suggest that P. gingivalis is a powerful inflammatory stimulant for human bronchial and pharyngeal epithelial cells and can stimulate TLR2-mediated cytokine production, thereby potentially contributing to the onset of aspiration pneumonia.