Three‐dimensional bladder ultrasound for estimation of urine volume in dogs compared with traditional 2‐dimensional ultrasound methods

BACKGROUND: Although point‐of‐care volumetric assessments of the urinary bladder are not routinely performed in dogs, urine volume quantification can provide important clinical information including noninvasive urine output estimation. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: Use of 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound for determination of urinary bladder volume (UBV) in dogs will be accurate for different bladder volumes and will decrease the need for operator skill in measuring UBV compared to 2‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound evaluation. ANIMALS: Ten laboratory‐bred Beagle dogs. METHODS: Prospective, experimental study. Urinary bladders were infused with a calculated amount of sterile saline to represent small, medium, and large volumes. Each UBV was estimated and calculated by a board‐certified veterinary radiologist using 3 different 2D ultrasound formulas followed by use of a 3D ultrasound device by a novice. Measured UBVs were compared to the instilled UBV for both 2D and 3D ultrasound methods. Time from start to end of examination was recorded for both ultrasound methods in a subset of dogs. RESULTS: The 3D ultrasound device underestimated UBV with a mean difference of −9.8 mL compared with 2D ultrasound that overestimated UBV with a difference of +4.2 to 20.3 mL dependent on the 2D formula used. The 3D ultrasound method took less time to measure UBV (mean of 80 seconds per measurement) compared to the 2D method (165 seconds per measurement; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The tested 3D ultrasound device was found to be an accurate and rapid point‐of‐care tool for measuring UBV in dogs, providing a noninvasive method to estimate bladder volume in real time.