Direct and Bicarbonate-Induced Iron Deficiency Differently Affect Iron Translocation in Kiwifruit Roots

Bicarbonate-induced iron (Fe) deficiency (+Bic) is frequently observed in kiwifruit orchards, but more research attention has been paid to direct Fe deficiency (-Fe) in plants, including kiwifruit. Here we compared the differences of kiwifruit plants between -Fe and +Bic in: (1) the traits of (57)Fe uptake and translocation within plants, (2) Fe forms in roots, and (3) some acidic ions and metabolites in roots. The concentration of (57)Fe derived from nutrient solution ((57)Fedfs) in roots was less reduced in +Bic than -Fe treatment, despite similar decrease in shoots of both treatments. +Bic treatment increased (57)Fedfs distribution in fine roots but decreased it in new leaves and stem, thereby displaying the inhibition of (57)Fedfs translocation from roots to shoots and from fine roots to xylem of coarse roots. Moreover, +Bic imposition induced the accumulation of water-soluble Fe and apoplastic Fe in roots. However, the opposite was observed in -Fe-treated plants. Additionally, the cell wall Fe and hemicellulose Fe in roots were less reduced by +Bic than -Fe treatment. +Bic treatment also triggered the reduction in H(+) extrusion and the accumulation of NH(4)(+), succinic acid, and some amino acids in roots. These results suggest that, contrary to -Fe, +Bic treatment inhibits Fe translocation to shoots by accumulating water-soluble and apoplastic Fe and slowing down the release of hemicellulose Fe in the cell wall in kiwifruit roots, which may be related to the decreased H(+) extrusion and the imbalance between C and N metabolisms.