Impact of HIV status and predictors of successful treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients: A six-year retrospective cohort study

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem. Hence, the study aimed to assess the impact of human immune virus (HIV) status and predictors of successful treatment outcomes of TB patients enrolled at Nekemte specialized hospital. An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted and the data analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify the association between treatment outcome and potential predictor variables. The association was calculated using the Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR) and the statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05. Out of the total 506 study participants, 50.2% of them were males. The overall treatment success rate was 81.4% and 58.06% among HIV co-infected TB patients. Female sex (AOR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.04–16.11), age 25–34 years (AOR = 3.982, 95%CI: 1.445–10.971), age 35–49 years (AOR = 5.392, 95%CI: 1.674–17.368), high school educational level (AOR = 5.330, 95% CI: 1.753–16.209), urban residence (AOR = 3.093, 95%CI: 1.003–9.541) and HIV negative (AOR = 10.3, 95%CI, 3.216–32.968) were positively associated with favorable TB treatment outcome. Whereas, being single (AOR = 0.293, 95%CI: 0.1–0.854), smear-negative pulmonary TB (AOR = 0.360, 95%CI: 0.156–0.834), extra-pulmonary TB (AOR = 0.839, 95%CI: 0.560–0.955) and retreatment case (AOR: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.004–0.098) were negatively associated with successful treatment outcome. The treatment success rate of TB patients was lower than World Health Organization target set of 85%. The increased unsuccessful outcome among TB/HIV patients requires urgent public health interventions to improve the evaluation policy and control framework.