The modified arterial reservoir: An update with consideration of asymptotic pressure (P(∞)) and zero-flow pressure (P(zf))

This article describes the modified arterial reservoir in detail. The modified arterial reservoir makes explicit the wave nature of both reservoir (P(res)) and excess pressure (P(xs)). The mathematical derivation and methods for estimating P(res) in the absence of flow velocity data are described. There is also discussion of zero-flow pressure (P(zf)), the pressure at which flow through the circulation ceases; its relationship to asymptotic pressure (P(∞)) estimated by the reservoir model; and the physiological interpretation of P(zf) . A systematic review and meta-analysis provides evidence that P(zf) differs from mean circulatory filling pressure.