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At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data
Transient exposures are difficult to measure in epidemiologic studies, especially when both the status of being at risk for an outcome and the exposure change over time and space, as when measuring built-environment risk on transportation injury. Contemporary “big data” generated by mobile sensors c...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7707160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33093327 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001268 |
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author | Garber, Michael D. McCullough, Lauren E. Mooney, Stephen J. Kramer, Michael R. Watkins, Kari E. Lobelo, R.L. Felipe Flanders, W. Dana |
author_facet | Garber, Michael D. McCullough, Lauren E. Mooney, Stephen J. Kramer, Michael R. Watkins, Kari E. Lobelo, R.L. Felipe Flanders, W. Dana |
author_sort | Garber, Michael D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Transient exposures are difficult to measure in epidemiologic studies, especially when both the status of being at risk for an outcome and the exposure change over time and space, as when measuring built-environment risk on transportation injury. Contemporary “big data” generated by mobile sensors can improve measurement of transient exposures. Exposure information generated by these devices typically only samples the experience of the target cohort, so a case-control framework may be useful. However, for anonymity, the data may not be available by individual, precluding a case–crossover approach. We present a method called at-risk-measure sampling. Its goal is to estimate the denominator of an incidence rate ratio (exposed to unexposed measure of the at-risk experience) given an aggregated summary of the at-risk measure from a cohort. Rather than sampling individuals or locations, the method samples the measure of the at-risk experience. Specifically, the method as presented samples person–distance and person–events summarized by location. It is illustrated with data from a mobile app used to record bicycling. The method extends an established case–control sampling principle: sample the at-risk experience of a cohort study such that the sampled exposure distribution approximates that of the cohort. It is distinct from density sampling in that the sample remains in the form of the at-risk measure, which may be continuous, such as person–time or person–distance. This aspect may be both logistically and statistically efficient if such a sample is already available, for example from big-data sources like aggregated mobile-sensor data. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7707160 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77071602020-12-08 At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data Garber, Michael D. McCullough, Lauren E. Mooney, Stephen J. Kramer, Michael R. Watkins, Kari E. Lobelo, R.L. Felipe Flanders, W. Dana Epidemiology Methods Transient exposures are difficult to measure in epidemiologic studies, especially when both the status of being at risk for an outcome and the exposure change over time and space, as when measuring built-environment risk on transportation injury. Contemporary “big data” generated by mobile sensors can improve measurement of transient exposures. Exposure information generated by these devices typically only samples the experience of the target cohort, so a case-control framework may be useful. However, for anonymity, the data may not be available by individual, precluding a case–crossover approach. We present a method called at-risk-measure sampling. Its goal is to estimate the denominator of an incidence rate ratio (exposed to unexposed measure of the at-risk experience) given an aggregated summary of the at-risk measure from a cohort. Rather than sampling individuals or locations, the method samples the measure of the at-risk experience. Specifically, the method as presented samples person–distance and person–events summarized by location. It is illustrated with data from a mobile app used to record bicycling. The method extends an established case–control sampling principle: sample the at-risk experience of a cohort study such that the sampled exposure distribution approximates that of the cohort. It is distinct from density sampling in that the sample remains in the form of the at-risk measure, which may be continuous, such as person–time or person–distance. This aspect may be both logistically and statistically efficient if such a sample is already available, for example from big-data sources like aggregated mobile-sensor data. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2020-10-19 2021-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7707160/ /pubmed/33093327 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001268 Text en Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) , where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal. |
spellingShingle | Methods Garber, Michael D. McCullough, Lauren E. Mooney, Stephen J. Kramer, Michael R. Watkins, Kari E. Lobelo, R.L. Felipe Flanders, W. Dana At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title | At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title_full | At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title_fullStr | At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title_full_unstemmed | At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title_short | At-risk-measure Sampling in Case–Control Studies with Aggregated Data |
title_sort | at-risk-measure sampling in case–control studies with aggregated data |
topic | Methods |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7707160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33093327 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001268 |
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