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Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia
Tobacco is well known as a risk factor for early morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the relative risk of mortality and the effects of smoking vary among the countries. Indonesia, as one of the world’s largest market for smoking tobacco, is significantly affected by tobacco-related illness....
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7707492/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33259522 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242558 |
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author | Holipah, Holipah Sulistomo, Hikmawan Wahyu Maharani, Asri |
author_facet | Holipah, Holipah Sulistomo, Hikmawan Wahyu Maharani, Asri |
author_sort | Holipah, Holipah |
collection | PubMed |
description | Tobacco is well known as a risk factor for early morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the relative risk of mortality and the effects of smoking vary among the countries. Indonesia, as one of the world’s largest market for smoking tobacco, is significantly affected by tobacco-related illness. Previous research has shown that smoking causes several diseases, including stroke, neoplasm and coronary heart disease. There has to date been no research on the hazard risk of smoking for all-cause mortality in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the association between smoking and all-cause mortality rates in Indonesia. Information from a total of 3,353 respondents aged 40 years and older was collected in this study. The data were taken from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Wave 4 (2007) to collect personal information and determine smoking status and from Wave 5 (2015) to collect information about deaths. Current smokers make up 40.3% of Indonesia’s population. Current smokers were more likely to have a higher risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.11 to 1.98) than non-current smokers. The number of smokers in Indonesia remains high and is expected to increase gradually every year. A firm government policy is needed to reduce the number of smokers in Indonesia which would automatically reduce the health problem of smoking-related illness in the future. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7707492 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77074922020-12-08 Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia Holipah, Holipah Sulistomo, Hikmawan Wahyu Maharani, Asri PLoS One Research Article Tobacco is well known as a risk factor for early morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the relative risk of mortality and the effects of smoking vary among the countries. Indonesia, as one of the world’s largest market for smoking tobacco, is significantly affected by tobacco-related illness. Previous research has shown that smoking causes several diseases, including stroke, neoplasm and coronary heart disease. There has to date been no research on the hazard risk of smoking for all-cause mortality in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the association between smoking and all-cause mortality rates in Indonesia. Information from a total of 3,353 respondents aged 40 years and older was collected in this study. The data were taken from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) Wave 4 (2007) to collect personal information and determine smoking status and from Wave 5 (2015) to collect information about deaths. Current smokers make up 40.3% of Indonesia’s population. Current smokers were more likely to have a higher risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.11 to 1.98) than non-current smokers. The number of smokers in Indonesia remains high and is expected to increase gradually every year. A firm government policy is needed to reduce the number of smokers in Indonesia which would automatically reduce the health problem of smoking-related illness in the future. Public Library of Science 2020-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7707492/ /pubmed/33259522 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242558 Text en © 2020 Holipah et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Holipah, Holipah Sulistomo, Hikmawan Wahyu Maharani, Asri Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title | Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title_full | Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title_fullStr | Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title_full_unstemmed | Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title_short | Tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in Indonesia |
title_sort | tobacco smoking and risk of all-cause mortality in indonesia |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7707492/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33259522 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242558 |
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