A 29 Mainland Chinese cohort of patients with Phelan–McDermid syndrome: genotype–phenotype correlations and the role of SHANK3 haploinsufficiency in the important phenotypes

BACKGROUND: Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS) or 22q13 deletion syndrome is a rare developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dysmorphic features. Most cases are caused by 22q13 deletions encompassing many genes including SHANK3. Phenotype comparisons between patients with SHANK3 mutations (or deletions only disrupt SHANK3) and 22q13 deletions encompassing more than SHANK3 gene are lacking. METHODS: A total of 29 Mainland China patients were clinically and genetically evaluated. Data were obtained from medical record review and a standardized medical history questionnaire, and dysmorphology evaluation was conducted via photographic evaluation. We analyzed 22q13 deletions and SHANK3 small mutations and performed genotype–phenotype analysis to determine whether neurological features and other important clinical features are responsible for haploinsufficiency of SHANK3. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with 22q13.3 deletions ranging in size from 34 kb to 8.7 Mb, one patient with terminal deletions and duplications, and nine patients with SHANK3 mutations were included. All mutations would cause loss-of function effect and six novel heterozygous variants, c.3838_3839insGG, c.3088delC, c.3526G > T, c.3372dupC, c.3120delC and c.3942delC, were firstly reported. Besides, we demonstrated speech delay (100%), DD/ID (88%), ASD (80%), hypotonia (83%) and hyperactivity (83%) were prominent clinical features. Finally, 100% of cases with monogenic SHANK3 deletion had hypotonia and there was no significant difference between loss of SHANK3 alone and deletions encompassing more than SHANK3 gene in the prevalence of hypotonia, DD/ID, ASD, increased pain tolerance, gait abnormalities, impulsiveness, repetitive behaviors, regression and nonstop crying which were high in loss of SHANK3 alone group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first work describing a cohort of Mainland China patients broaden the clinical and molecular spectrum of PMS. Our findings support the effect of 22q13 deletions and SHANK3 point mutations on language impairment and several clinical manifestations, such as DD/ID. We also demonstrated SHANK3 haploinsufficiency was a major contributor to the neurological phenotypes of PMS and also responsible for other important phenotypes such as hypotonia, increased pain tolerance, impulsiveness, repetitive behaviors, regression and nonstop crying.