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Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar
Soaring landbirds typically exploit atmospheric uplift as they fly overland, displaying a highly effective energy-saving locomotion. However, large water bodies lack thermal updrafts, potentially becoming ecological barriers that hamper migration. Here we assessed the effects of a sea surface on the...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Nature Publishing Group UK
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7708975/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33262367 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77273-x |
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author | Blas, Julio Salas, Reyes Flack, Andrea Torres-Medina, Fernando Sergio, Fabrizio Wikelski, Martin Fiedler, Wolfgang |
author_facet | Blas, Julio Salas, Reyes Flack, Andrea Torres-Medina, Fernando Sergio, Fabrizio Wikelski, Martin Fiedler, Wolfgang |
author_sort | Blas, Julio |
collection | PubMed |
description | Soaring landbirds typically exploit atmospheric uplift as they fly overland, displaying a highly effective energy-saving locomotion. However, large water bodies lack thermal updrafts, potentially becoming ecological barriers that hamper migration. Here we assessed the effects of a sea surface on the migratory performance of GPS-tagged white storks (Ciconia ciconia) before, during and after they crossed the straits of Gibraltar. Oversea movements involved only flapping and gliding and were faster, traversed in straighter, descending trajectories and resulted in higher movement-related energy expenditure levels than overland, supporting the water barrier hypothesis. Overland movements at both sides of the sea straits resulted in tortuous routes and ascending trajectories with pre-crossing flights showing higher elevations and more tortuous routes than post-crossing, thus supporting the barrier negotiation hypothesis. Individual positions at both ends of the sea narrow were predicted by zonal winds and storks´ location at entry in the European hinterland, and birds did not show compensational movements overland in anticipation to subsequent wind displacements oversea. The length of the water narrow at departure shore, the elevation therein and the winds on route affected major components of sea crossing performance (such as distances and times overwater, minimum elevations, climb angles, speeds and energy expenditure), supporting the departure position and oversea winds hypotheses. In summary, our study provides a prime example at high temporal resolution of how birds adjust their behavior and physiology as they interact with the changing conditions of the travelling medium, reallocating resources and modifying their movement to overcome an ecological barrier. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7708975 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77089752020-12-03 Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar Blas, Julio Salas, Reyes Flack, Andrea Torres-Medina, Fernando Sergio, Fabrizio Wikelski, Martin Fiedler, Wolfgang Sci Rep Article Soaring landbirds typically exploit atmospheric uplift as they fly overland, displaying a highly effective energy-saving locomotion. However, large water bodies lack thermal updrafts, potentially becoming ecological barriers that hamper migration. Here we assessed the effects of a sea surface on the migratory performance of GPS-tagged white storks (Ciconia ciconia) before, during and after they crossed the straits of Gibraltar. Oversea movements involved only flapping and gliding and were faster, traversed in straighter, descending trajectories and resulted in higher movement-related energy expenditure levels than overland, supporting the water barrier hypothesis. Overland movements at both sides of the sea straits resulted in tortuous routes and ascending trajectories with pre-crossing flights showing higher elevations and more tortuous routes than post-crossing, thus supporting the barrier negotiation hypothesis. Individual positions at both ends of the sea narrow were predicted by zonal winds and storks´ location at entry in the European hinterland, and birds did not show compensational movements overland in anticipation to subsequent wind displacements oversea. The length of the water narrow at departure shore, the elevation therein and the winds on route affected major components of sea crossing performance (such as distances and times overwater, minimum elevations, climb angles, speeds and energy expenditure), supporting the departure position and oversea winds hypotheses. In summary, our study provides a prime example at high temporal resolution of how birds adjust their behavior and physiology as they interact with the changing conditions of the travelling medium, reallocating resources and modifying their movement to overcome an ecological barrier. Nature Publishing Group UK 2020-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7708975/ /pubmed/33262367 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77273-x Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Blas, Julio Salas, Reyes Flack, Andrea Torres-Medina, Fernando Sergio, Fabrizio Wikelski, Martin Fiedler, Wolfgang Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title | Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title_full | Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title_fullStr | Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title_full_unstemmed | Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title_short | Overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of Gibraltar |
title_sort | overland and oversea migration of white storks through the water barriers of the straits of gibraltar |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7708975/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33262367 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77273-x |
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