File-based localization of numerical perturbations in data analysis pipelines

BACKGROUND: Data analysis pipelines are known to be affected by computational conditions, presumably owing to the creation and propagation of numerical errors. While this process could play a major role in the current reproducibility crisis, the precise causes of such instabilities and the path along which they propagate in pipelines are unclear. METHOD: We present Spot, a tool to identify which processes in a pipeline create numerical differences when executed in different computational conditions. Spot leverages system-call interception through ReproZip to reconstruct and compare provenance graphs without pipeline instrumentation. RESULTS: By applying Spot to the structural pre-processing pipelines of the Human Connectome Project, we found that linear and non-linear registration are the cause of most numerical instabilities in these pipelines, which confirms previous findings.