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Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada

Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We als...

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Autores principales: Green, Rivka, Till, Christine, Cantoral, Alejandra, Lanphear, Bruce, Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles, Ayotte, Pierre, Wright, Robert O., Tellez-Rojo, Martha M., Malin, Ashley J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7711675/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33233802
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040110
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author Green, Rivka
Till, Christine
Cantoral, Alejandra
Lanphear, Bruce
Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles
Ayotte, Pierre
Wright, Robert O.
Tellez-Rojo, Martha M.
Malin, Ashley J.
author_facet Green, Rivka
Till, Christine
Cantoral, Alejandra
Lanphear, Bruce
Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles
Ayotte, Pierre
Wright, Robert O.
Tellez-Rojo, Martha M.
Malin, Ashley J.
author_sort Green, Rivka
collection PubMed
description Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 645 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent (t = 4.26, p < 0.001) in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.66 (0.47), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.42 (0.31) (t = −6.37, p < 0.001). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.59, p < 0.001). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children.
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spelling pubmed-77116752020-12-04 Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada Green, Rivka Till, Christine Cantoral, Alejandra Lanphear, Bruce Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles Ayotte, Pierre Wright, Robert O. Tellez-Rojo, Martha M. Malin, Ashley J. Toxics Article Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 645 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent (t = 4.26, p < 0.001) in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.66 (0.47), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.42 (0.31) (t = −6.37, p < 0.001). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.59, p < 0.001). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children. MDPI 2020-11-20 /pmc/articles/PMC7711675/ /pubmed/33233802 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040110 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Green, Rivka
Till, Christine
Cantoral, Alejandra
Lanphear, Bruce
Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles
Ayotte, Pierre
Wright, Robert O.
Tellez-Rojo, Martha M.
Malin, Ashley J.
Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title_full Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title_fullStr Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title_full_unstemmed Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title_short Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada
title_sort associations between urinary, dietary, and water fluoride concentrations among children in mexico and canada
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7711675/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33233802
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040110
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