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Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections

Variation in the intensity and duration of infections is often driven by variation in the network and strength of host immune responses. While many of the immune mechanisms and components are known for parasitic helminths, how these relationships change from single to multiple infections and impact...

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Autores principales: Vanalli, Chiara, Mari, Lorenzo, Righetto, Lorenzo, Casagrandi, Renato, Gatto, Marino, Cattadori, Isabella M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7721179/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33226981
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008438
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author Vanalli, Chiara
Mari, Lorenzo
Righetto, Lorenzo
Casagrandi, Renato
Gatto, Marino
Cattadori, Isabella M.
author_facet Vanalli, Chiara
Mari, Lorenzo
Righetto, Lorenzo
Casagrandi, Renato
Gatto, Marino
Cattadori, Isabella M.
author_sort Vanalli, Chiara
collection PubMed
description Variation in the intensity and duration of infections is often driven by variation in the network and strength of host immune responses. While many of the immune mechanisms and components are known for parasitic helminths, how these relationships change from single to multiple infections and impact helminth dynamics remains largely unclear. Here, we used laboratory data from a rabbit-helminth system and developed a within-host model of infection to investigate different scenarios of immune regulation in rabbits infected with one or two helminth species. Model selection suggests that the immunological pathways activated against Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum are similar. However, differences in the strength of these immune signals lead to the contrasting dynamics of infections, where the first parasite is rapidly cleared and the latter persists with high intensities. In addition to the reactions identified in single infections, rabbits with both helminths also activate new pathways that asymmetrically affect the dynamics of the two species. These new signals alter the intensities but not the general trend of the infections. The type of interactions described can be expected in many other host-helminth systems. Our immune framework is flexible enough to capture different mechanisms and their complexity, and provides essential insights to the understanding of multi-helminth infections.
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spelling pubmed-77211792020-12-15 Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections Vanalli, Chiara Mari, Lorenzo Righetto, Lorenzo Casagrandi, Renato Gatto, Marino Cattadori, Isabella M. PLoS Comput Biol Research Article Variation in the intensity and duration of infections is often driven by variation in the network and strength of host immune responses. While many of the immune mechanisms and components are known for parasitic helminths, how these relationships change from single to multiple infections and impact helminth dynamics remains largely unclear. Here, we used laboratory data from a rabbit-helminth system and developed a within-host model of infection to investigate different scenarios of immune regulation in rabbits infected with one or two helminth species. Model selection suggests that the immunological pathways activated against Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum are similar. However, differences in the strength of these immune signals lead to the contrasting dynamics of infections, where the first parasite is rapidly cleared and the latter persists with high intensities. In addition to the reactions identified in single infections, rabbits with both helminths also activate new pathways that asymmetrically affect the dynamics of the two species. These new signals alter the intensities but not the general trend of the infections. The type of interactions described can be expected in many other host-helminth systems. Our immune framework is flexible enough to capture different mechanisms and their complexity, and provides essential insights to the understanding of multi-helminth infections. Public Library of Science 2020-11-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7721179/ /pubmed/33226981 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008438 Text en © 2020 Vanalli et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Vanalli, Chiara
Mari, Lorenzo
Righetto, Lorenzo
Casagrandi, Renato
Gatto, Marino
Cattadori, Isabella M.
Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title_full Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title_fullStr Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title_full_unstemmed Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title_short Within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
title_sort within-host mechanisms of immune regulation explain the contrasting dynamics of two helminth species in both single and dual infections
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7721179/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33226981
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008438
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