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Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh
Ingestion of soil and dust is a pathway of children’s exposure to several environmental contaminants, including lead, pesticides, and fecal contamination. Empirically based estimates of central tendency for soil consumption by children in high-income countries range from 9 to 135 dry mg/day. Using a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Nature
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7722350/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673039 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7 |
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author | Kwong, Laura H. Ercumen, Ayse Pickering, Amy J. Unicomb, Leanne Davis, Jennifer Leckie, James O. Luby, Stephen P. |
author_facet | Kwong, Laura H. Ercumen, Ayse Pickering, Amy J. Unicomb, Leanne Davis, Jennifer Leckie, James O. Luby, Stephen P. |
author_sort | Kwong, Laura H. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ingestion of soil and dust is a pathway of children’s exposure to several environmental contaminants, including lead, pesticides, and fecal contamination. Empirically based estimates of central tendency for soil consumption by children in high-income countries range from 9 to 135 dry mg/day. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled the mass of soil directly and indirectly ingested per day by rural Bangladeshi children and identified the parameters that influence the mass ingested. We combined data from observations of direct and indirect ingestion among children with measurements of soil mass on the children’s hands, mother’s hands, and objects to quantify soil ingestion/day. Estimated geometric mean soil ingestion was 162 dry mg/day for children 3–5 months, 224 dry mg/day for children 6–11 months, 234 dry mg/day for children 12–23 months, 168 dry mg/day for children 24–35 months, and 178 dry mg/day for children 36–47 months old. Across all age groups, children placing their hands in their mouths accounted for 46–78% of total ingestion and mouthing objects contributed 8–12%. Direct ingestion of soil accounted for nearly 40% of soil ingested among children 6–23 months old. Sensitivity analyses identified that the parameters most affecting the estimates were the load of soil on the child’s hand, the frequency of hand-to-mouth contacts while not eating, and, for children 6–23 months old, the frequency of direct soil ingestion. In a rural, low-income setting, children’s soil consumption was substantially more than the estimates for children in high-income countries. Further characterizing soil ingestion of children in low-income contexts would improve assessments of the risks they face from soil-associated contaminants. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7722350 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | Springer Nature |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77223502020-12-28 Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh Kwong, Laura H. Ercumen, Ayse Pickering, Amy J. Unicomb, Leanne Davis, Jennifer Leckie, James O. Luby, Stephen P. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol Article Ingestion of soil and dust is a pathway of children’s exposure to several environmental contaminants, including lead, pesticides, and fecal contamination. Empirically based estimates of central tendency for soil consumption by children in high-income countries range from 9 to 135 dry mg/day. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled the mass of soil directly and indirectly ingested per day by rural Bangladeshi children and identified the parameters that influence the mass ingested. We combined data from observations of direct and indirect ingestion among children with measurements of soil mass on the children’s hands, mother’s hands, and objects to quantify soil ingestion/day. Estimated geometric mean soil ingestion was 162 dry mg/day for children 3–5 months, 224 dry mg/day for children 6–11 months, 234 dry mg/day for children 12–23 months, 168 dry mg/day for children 24–35 months, and 178 dry mg/day for children 36–47 months old. Across all age groups, children placing their hands in their mouths accounted for 46–78% of total ingestion and mouthing objects contributed 8–12%. Direct ingestion of soil accounted for nearly 40% of soil ingested among children 6–23 months old. Sensitivity analyses identified that the parameters most affecting the estimates were the load of soil on the child’s hand, the frequency of hand-to-mouth contacts while not eating, and, for children 6–23 months old, the frequency of direct soil ingestion. In a rural, low-income setting, children’s soil consumption was substantially more than the estimates for children in high-income countries. Further characterizing soil ingestion of children in low-income contexts would improve assessments of the risks they face from soil-associated contaminants. Springer Nature 2019-10-31 2019 /pmc/articles/PMC7722350/ /pubmed/31673039 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2019. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit. |
spellingShingle | Article Kwong, Laura H. Ercumen, Ayse Pickering, Amy J. Unicomb, Leanne Davis, Jennifer Leckie, James O. Luby, Stephen P. Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title | Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title_full | Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title_fullStr | Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title_full_unstemmed | Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title_short | Soil ingestion among young children in rural Bangladesh |
title_sort | soil ingestion among young children in rural bangladesh |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7722350/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31673039 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7 |
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