Structure–Function Relationships of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Tibial Cartilage: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

Relationships between composition, structure and constituent-specific functional properties of human articular cartilage at different stages of osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly known. We established these relationships by comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and fibril-reinforced poroelastic mechanical properties with microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of structure and composition of healthy and osteoarthritic human tibial cartilage (n = 27). At a low frequency (0.005 Hz), proteoglycan content correlated negatively and collagen content correlated positively with the phase difference (i.e. tissue viscosity). At a high-frequency regime (> 0.05 Hz), proteoglycan content correlated negatively and collagen orientation angle correlated positively with the phase difference. Proteoglycans were lost in the early and advanced OA groups compared to the healthy group, while the superficial collagen orientation angle was greater only in the advanced OA group compared to the healthy group. Simultaneously, the initial fibril network modulus (fibril pretension) was smaller in the early and advanced OA groups compared to the healthy group. These findings suggest different mechanisms contribute to cartilage viscosity in low and high frequencies, and that the loss of superficial collagen pretension during early OA is due to lower tissue swelling (PG loss), while in advanced OA, both collagen disorganization and lower swelling modulate the collagen fibril pretension. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10439-020-02559-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.