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Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †

Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear- and anxiety-rel...

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Autores principales: Chien, Jui-Hong, Colloca, Luana, Korzeniewska, Anna, Meeker, Timothy J., Bienvenu, O. Joe, Saffer, Mark I., Lenz, Fred A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728331/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33255916
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236751
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author Chien, Jui-Hong
Colloca, Luana
Korzeniewska, Anna
Meeker, Timothy J.
Bienvenu, O. Joe
Saffer, Mark I.
Lenz, Fred A.
author_facet Chien, Jui-Hong
Colloca, Luana
Korzeniewska, Anna
Meeker, Timothy J.
Bienvenu, O. Joe
Saffer, Mark I.
Lenz, Fred A.
author_sort Chien, Jui-Hong
collection PubMed
description Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear- and anxiety-related words that are indirect since they do not produce fear, e.g., Dot Probe Test and emotional Stroop. We now review the conditioned responses (CRs) to fear produced by a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus CS+) when it cues a painful laser unconditioned stimulus (US). These CRs include autonomic (Skin Conductance Response) and ratings of the CS+ unpleasantness, ability to command attention, and the recognition of the association of CS+ with US (expectancy). These CRs are directly related to fear, and some measure behaviors that are minimally accessible to consciousness e.g., economic scales. Fear-related CRs include non-phase-locked phase changes in oscillatory EEG power defined by frequency and time post-stimulus over baseline, and changes in phase-locked visual and laser evoked responses both of which include late potentials reflecting attention or expectancy, like the P300, or contingent negative variation. Increases (ERS) and decreases (ERD) in oscillatory power post-stimulus may be generalizable given their consistency across healthy subjects. ERS and ERD are related to the ratings above as well as to anxious personalities and clinical anxiety and can resolve activity over short time intervals like those for some moods and emotions. These results could be incorporated into an objective instrumented test that measures EEG and CRs of autonomic activity and psychological ratings related to conditioned fear, some of which are subliminal. As in the case of instrumented tests of vigilance, these results could be useful for the direct, objective measurement of multiple aspects of the risk, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapies for anxiety disorders and anxious personalities.
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spelling pubmed-77283312020-12-11 Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety † Chien, Jui-Hong Colloca, Luana Korzeniewska, Anna Meeker, Timothy J. Bienvenu, O. Joe Saffer, Mark I. Lenz, Fred A. Sensors (Basel) Review Anxiety disorders impose substantial costs upon public health and productivity in the USA and worldwide. At present, these conditions are quantified by self-report questionnaires that only apply to behaviors that are accessible to consciousness, or by the timing of responses to fear- and anxiety-related words that are indirect since they do not produce fear, e.g., Dot Probe Test and emotional Stroop. We now review the conditioned responses (CRs) to fear produced by a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus CS+) when it cues a painful laser unconditioned stimulus (US). These CRs include autonomic (Skin Conductance Response) and ratings of the CS+ unpleasantness, ability to command attention, and the recognition of the association of CS+ with US (expectancy). These CRs are directly related to fear, and some measure behaviors that are minimally accessible to consciousness e.g., economic scales. Fear-related CRs include non-phase-locked phase changes in oscillatory EEG power defined by frequency and time post-stimulus over baseline, and changes in phase-locked visual and laser evoked responses both of which include late potentials reflecting attention or expectancy, like the P300, or contingent negative variation. Increases (ERS) and decreases (ERD) in oscillatory power post-stimulus may be generalizable given their consistency across healthy subjects. ERS and ERD are related to the ratings above as well as to anxious personalities and clinical anxiety and can resolve activity over short time intervals like those for some moods and emotions. These results could be incorporated into an objective instrumented test that measures EEG and CRs of autonomic activity and psychological ratings related to conditioned fear, some of which are subliminal. As in the case of instrumented tests of vigilance, these results could be useful for the direct, objective measurement of multiple aspects of the risk, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapies for anxiety disorders and anxious personalities. MDPI 2020-11-26 /pmc/articles/PMC7728331/ /pubmed/33255916 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236751 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Chien, Jui-Hong
Colloca, Luana
Korzeniewska, Anna
Meeker, Timothy J.
Bienvenu, O. Joe
Saffer, Mark I.
Lenz, Fred A.
Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title_full Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title_fullStr Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title_full_unstemmed Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title_short Behavioral, Physiological and EEG Activities Associated with Conditioned Fear as Sensors for Fear and Anxiety †
title_sort behavioral, physiological and eeg activities associated with conditioned fear as sensors for fear and anxiety †
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7728331/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33255916
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236751
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