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Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis

The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concen...

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Autores principales: Jia, Mingyue, Li, Qilong, Hua, Juan, Liu, Jiayi, Zhou, Wei, Qu, Bo, Luo, Shihong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7729011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33329642
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155
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author Jia, Mingyue
Li, Qilong
Hua, Juan
Liu, Jiayi
Zhou, Wei
Qu, Bo
Luo, Shihong
author_facet Jia, Mingyue
Li, Qilong
Hua, Juan
Liu, Jiayi
Zhou, Wei
Qu, Bo
Luo, Shihong
author_sort Jia, Mingyue
collection PubMed
description The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concentrations of phytosynthetic pigments and accumulate anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and soluble sugars in the mature stages. Interestingly, high concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) both in the cauline gall tissues and in the larch adelgids themselves (4064.61 ± 167.83 and 3655.42 ± 210.29 ng/g FW, respectively), suggested that this vital phytohormone may be synthesized by the insects to control the development of gall tissues. These results indicate that the galls and cones are sink organs, and the development of gall tissues is possibly regulated by phytohormones in a way similar to that of the growth of cones. The concentrations of phytohormones related to growth [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CTK), and gibberellins (GAs)] and defense [salicylic acid (SA)], as well as SA-related phenolics [benzoic acid (BA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA)] in gall tissues were positively correlated with those in cones during the development stage. The levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the developmental stage of the cones correlates negatively with their concentrations in the gall tissues (R = −0.92, p < 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of ACC might be the reason why galls are not abscised after a year. Our results provide a new perspective on the potential mechanism of the development of cauline galls on P. koraiensis, which are regulated by phytohormones.
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spelling pubmed-77290112020-12-15 Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis Jia, Mingyue Li, Qilong Hua, Juan Liu, Jiayi Zhou, Wei Qu, Bo Luo, Shihong Front Plant Sci Plant Science The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concentrations of phytosynthetic pigments and accumulate anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and soluble sugars in the mature stages. Interestingly, high concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) both in the cauline gall tissues and in the larch adelgids themselves (4064.61 ± 167.83 and 3655.42 ± 210.29 ng/g FW, respectively), suggested that this vital phytohormone may be synthesized by the insects to control the development of gall tissues. These results indicate that the galls and cones are sink organs, and the development of gall tissues is possibly regulated by phytohormones in a way similar to that of the growth of cones. The concentrations of phytohormones related to growth [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CTK), and gibberellins (GAs)] and defense [salicylic acid (SA)], as well as SA-related phenolics [benzoic acid (BA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA)] in gall tissues were positively correlated with those in cones during the development stage. The levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the developmental stage of the cones correlates negatively with their concentrations in the gall tissues (R = −0.92, p < 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of ACC might be the reason why galls are not abscised after a year. Our results provide a new perspective on the potential mechanism of the development of cauline galls on P. koraiensis, which are regulated by phytohormones. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-11-27 /pmc/articles/PMC7729011/ /pubmed/33329642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155 Text en Copyright © 2020 Jia, Li, Hua, Liu, Zhou, Qu and Luo. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Plant Science
Jia, Mingyue
Li, Qilong
Hua, Juan
Liu, Jiayi
Zhou, Wei
Qu, Bo
Luo, Shihong
Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title_full Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title_fullStr Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title_full_unstemmed Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title_short Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
title_sort phytohormones regulate both “fish scale” galls and cones on picea koraiensis
topic Plant Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7729011/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33329642
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155
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