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Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concen...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7729011/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33329642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155 |
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author | Jia, Mingyue Li, Qilong Hua, Juan Liu, Jiayi Zhou, Wei Qu, Bo Luo, Shihong |
author_facet | Jia, Mingyue Li, Qilong Hua, Juan Liu, Jiayi Zhou, Wei Qu, Bo Luo, Shihong |
author_sort | Jia, Mingyue |
collection | PubMed |
description | The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concentrations of phytosynthetic pigments and accumulate anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and soluble sugars in the mature stages. Interestingly, high concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) both in the cauline gall tissues and in the larch adelgids themselves (4064.61 ± 167.83 and 3655.42 ± 210.29 ng/g FW, respectively), suggested that this vital phytohormone may be synthesized by the insects to control the development of gall tissues. These results indicate that the galls and cones are sink organs, and the development of gall tissues is possibly regulated by phytohormones in a way similar to that of the growth of cones. The concentrations of phytohormones related to growth [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CTK), and gibberellins (GAs)] and defense [salicylic acid (SA)], as well as SA-related phenolics [benzoic acid (BA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA)] in gall tissues were positively correlated with those in cones during the development stage. The levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the developmental stage of the cones correlates negatively with their concentrations in the gall tissues (R = −0.92, p < 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of ACC might be the reason why galls are not abscised after a year. Our results provide a new perspective on the potential mechanism of the development of cauline galls on P. koraiensis, which are regulated by phytohormones. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7729011 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77290112020-12-15 Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis Jia, Mingyue Li, Qilong Hua, Juan Liu, Jiayi Zhou, Wei Qu, Bo Luo, Shihong Front Plant Sci Plant Science The larch adelgid Adelges laricis laricis Vallot is a specialist insect parasite of Picea koraiensis (Korean spruce) and forms fish scale-like galls that damage the growth of the host plants. Our investigation reveals that both these galls and the fruits (cones) of P. koraiensis display lower concentrations of phytosynthetic pigments and accumulate anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and soluble sugars in the mature stages. Interestingly, high concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) both in the cauline gall tissues and in the larch adelgids themselves (4064.61 ± 167.83 and 3655.42 ± 210.29 ng/g FW, respectively), suggested that this vital phytohormone may be synthesized by the insects to control the development of gall tissues. These results indicate that the galls and cones are sink organs, and the development of gall tissues is possibly regulated by phytohormones in a way similar to that of the growth of cones. The concentrations of phytohormones related to growth [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CTK), and gibberellins (GAs)] and defense [salicylic acid (SA)], as well as SA-related phenolics [benzoic acid (BA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA)] in gall tissues were positively correlated with those in cones during the development stage. The levels of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the developmental stage of the cones correlates negatively with their concentrations in the gall tissues (R = −0.92, p < 0.001), suggesting that downregulation of ACC might be the reason why galls are not abscised after a year. Our results provide a new perspective on the potential mechanism of the development of cauline galls on P. koraiensis, which are regulated by phytohormones. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-11-27 /pmc/articles/PMC7729011/ /pubmed/33329642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155 Text en Copyright © 2020 Jia, Li, Hua, Liu, Zhou, Qu and Luo. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Plant Science Jia, Mingyue Li, Qilong Hua, Juan Liu, Jiayi Zhou, Wei Qu, Bo Luo, Shihong Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis |
title | Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
|
title_full | Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
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title_fullStr | Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
|
title_full_unstemmed | Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
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title_short | Phytohormones Regulate Both “Fish Scale” Galls and Cones on Picea koraiensis
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title_sort | phytohormones regulate both “fish scale” galls and cones on picea koraiensis |
topic | Plant Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7729011/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33329642 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.580155 |
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