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Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses

Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard m...

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Autores principales: Karimzadeh, Sadra, Matsuoka, Masashi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7730240/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33287271
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236913
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author Karimzadeh, Sadra
Matsuoka, Masashi
author_facet Karimzadeh, Sadra
Matsuoka, Masashi
author_sort Karimzadeh, Sadra
collection PubMed
description Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard mitigation purposes. In this study, we carried out a time series small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of 15 L-band PALSAR-2 images acquired from ascending orbits of the ALOS-2 satellite between 2015 and 2020 to investigate long-term ground displacements in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. We found that two major parts of the study area (Tabriz and Shabestar plains) are subsiding, where the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −10 and −98 mm/year, respectively. The results revealed that the visible subsidence patterns in the study area are associated with either anthropogenic activities (e.g., underground water usage) or presence of compressible soils along the Tabriz–Shabestar and Tabriz–Azarshahr railways. This implies that infrastructure such as railways and roads is vulnerable if progressive ground subsidence takes over the whole area. The SBAS results deduced from L-band PALSAR-2 data were validated with field observations and compared with C-band Sentinel-1 results for the same period. The C-band Sentinel-1 results showed good agreement with the L-band PALSAR-2 dataset, in which the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −13 and −120 mm/year, respectively. For better visualization of the results, the SBAS InSAR velocity map was down-sampled and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on ~3600 randomly selected time series of the study area, and the results are presented by two principal components (PC1 and PC2).
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spelling pubmed-77302402020-12-12 Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses Karimzadeh, Sadra Matsuoka, Masashi Sensors (Basel) Article Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard mitigation purposes. In this study, we carried out a time series small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of 15 L-band PALSAR-2 images acquired from ascending orbits of the ALOS-2 satellite between 2015 and 2020 to investigate long-term ground displacements in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. We found that two major parts of the study area (Tabriz and Shabestar plains) are subsiding, where the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −10 and −98 mm/year, respectively. The results revealed that the visible subsidence patterns in the study area are associated with either anthropogenic activities (e.g., underground water usage) or presence of compressible soils along the Tabriz–Shabestar and Tabriz–Azarshahr railways. This implies that infrastructure such as railways and roads is vulnerable if progressive ground subsidence takes over the whole area. The SBAS results deduced from L-band PALSAR-2 data were validated with field observations and compared with C-band Sentinel-1 results for the same period. The C-band Sentinel-1 results showed good agreement with the L-band PALSAR-2 dataset, in which the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −13 and −120 mm/year, respectively. For better visualization of the results, the SBAS InSAR velocity map was down-sampled and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on ~3600 randomly selected time series of the study area, and the results are presented by two principal components (PC1 and PC2). MDPI 2020-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC7730240/ /pubmed/33287271 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236913 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Karimzadeh, Sadra
Matsuoka, Masashi
Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title_full Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title_fullStr Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title_full_unstemmed Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title_short Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by L-band and C-band InSAR Analyses
title_sort ground displacement in east azerbaijan province, iran, revealed by l-band and c-band insar analyses
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7730240/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33287271
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236913
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