Polyamines Mediate Folding of Primordial Hyperacidic Helical Proteins

[Image: see text] Polyamines are known to mediate diverse biological processes, and specifically to bind and stabilize compact conformations of nucleic acids, acting as chemical chaperones that promote folding by offsetting the repulsive negative charges of the phosphodiester backbone. However, whether and how polyamines modulate the structure and function of proteins remain unclear. In particular, early proteins are thought to have been highly acidic, like nucleic acids, due to a scarcity of basic amino acids in the prebiotic context. Perhaps polyamines, the abiotic synthesis of which is simple, could have served as chemical chaperones for such primordial proteins? We replaced all lysines of an ancestral 60-residue helix-bundle protein with glutamate, resulting in a disordered protein with 21 glutamates in total. Polyamines efficiently induce folding of this hyperacidic protein at submillimolar concentrations, and their potency scaled with the number of amine groups. Compared to cations, polyamines were several orders of magnitude more potent than Na(+), while Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) had an effect similar to that of a diamine, inducing folding at approximately seawater concentrations. We propose that (i) polyamines and dications may have had a role in promoting folding of early proteins devoid of basic residues and (ii) coil–helix transitions could be the basis of polyamine regulation in contemporary proteins.