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Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
[Image: see text] The autumnal leaf color change is a familiar phenomenon to most students living in temperate climate zones. The extraction and analysis of the pigments of the autumn leaves provide an engaging way to study the phenomenon utilizing both simple as well as more sophisticated analytica...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Chemical
Society and Division
of Chemical Education, Inc.
2020
|
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735701/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33335336 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00436 |
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author | Manninen, Marianna Vesterinen, Veli-Matti Salminen, Juha-Pekka |
author_facet | Manninen, Marianna Vesterinen, Veli-Matti Salminen, Juha-Pekka |
author_sort | Manninen, Marianna |
collection | PubMed |
description | [Image: see text] The autumnal leaf color change is a familiar phenomenon to most students living in temperate climate zones. The extraction and analysis of the pigments of the autumn leaves provide an engaging way to study the phenomenon utilizing both simple as well as more sophisticated analytical methods. In this laboratory experiment, students extract the red and yellow pigments, that is, anthocyanins and carotenoids from leaves and separate them from each other by liquid–liquid extractions. From the separated phases, anthocyanin and carotenoid concentrations can be evaluated visually or spectrophotometrically. The anthocyanins are analyzed by a rapid and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to discover which of the six most common groups of anthocyanins are present in the sample. The simplicity of the experiment setup allows it to be used as an introduction to mass spectrometry since the results can be easily interpreted without complicated data processing. The experiment provides opportunities for learning outside the classroom, as the samples can be collected from the nearby parks or forests and analyzed using more sophisticated methods on a student visit to a university or other research institution. The sample preparation followed by the visual analyses of the phases is however simple enough to be performed in a regular school laboratory. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7735701 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | American Chemical
Society and Division
of Chemical Education, Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77357012020-12-15 Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Manninen, Marianna Vesterinen, Veli-Matti Salminen, Juha-Pekka J Chem Educ [Image: see text] The autumnal leaf color change is a familiar phenomenon to most students living in temperate climate zones. The extraction and analysis of the pigments of the autumn leaves provide an engaging way to study the phenomenon utilizing both simple as well as more sophisticated analytical methods. In this laboratory experiment, students extract the red and yellow pigments, that is, anthocyanins and carotenoids from leaves and separate them from each other by liquid–liquid extractions. From the separated phases, anthocyanin and carotenoid concentrations can be evaluated visually or spectrophotometrically. The anthocyanins are analyzed by a rapid and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to discover which of the six most common groups of anthocyanins are present in the sample. The simplicity of the experiment setup allows it to be used as an introduction to mass spectrometry since the results can be easily interpreted without complicated data processing. The experiment provides opportunities for learning outside the classroom, as the samples can be collected from the nearby parks or forests and analyzed using more sophisticated methods on a student visit to a university or other research institution. The sample preparation followed by the visual analyses of the phases is however simple enough to be performed in a regular school laboratory. American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc. 2020-02-14 2020-03-10 /pmc/articles/PMC7735701/ /pubmed/33335336 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00436 Text en This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License (http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. |
spellingShingle | Manninen, Marianna Vesterinen, Veli-Matti Salminen, Juha-Pekka Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
title | Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric
Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis
of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem
Mass Spectrometry |
title_full | Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric
Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis
of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem
Mass Spectrometry |
title_fullStr | Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric
Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis
of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem
Mass Spectrometry |
title_full_unstemmed | Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric
Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis
of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem
Mass Spectrometry |
title_short | Chemistry of Autumn Colors: Quantitative Spectrophotometric
Analysis of Anthocyanins and Carotenoids and Qualitative Analysis
of Anthocyanins by Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem
Mass Spectrometry |
title_sort | chemistry of autumn colors: quantitative spectrophotometric
analysis of anthocyanins and carotenoids and qualitative analysis
of anthocyanins by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem
mass spectrometry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7735701/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33335336 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00436 |
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