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The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome
Trace amines (TA) are endogenously produced in mammals, have a low concentration in the central nervous system (CNS), but trigger a variety of neurological effects and intervene in host cell communication. It emerged that neurotransmitters and TA are produced also by the microbiota. As it has been s...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7736160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33335515 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.573679 |
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author | Luqman, Arif Zabel, Susanne Rahmdel, Samane Merz, Britta Gruenheit, Nicole Harter, Johannes Nieselt, Kay Götz, Friedrich |
author_facet | Luqman, Arif Zabel, Susanne Rahmdel, Samane Merz, Britta Gruenheit, Nicole Harter, Johannes Nieselt, Kay Götz, Friedrich |
author_sort | Luqman, Arif |
collection | PubMed |
description | Trace amines (TA) are endogenously produced in mammals, have a low concentration in the central nervous system (CNS), but trigger a variety of neurological effects and intervene in host cell communication. It emerged that neurotransmitters and TA are produced also by the microbiota. As it has been shown that TA contribute to wound healing, we examined the skin microbiome of probands using shotgun metagenomics. The phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were predominant. Since SadA is a highly promiscuous TA-producing decarboxylase in Firmicutes, the skin microbiome was specifically examined for the presence of sadA-homologous genes. By mapping the reads of certain genes, we found that, although there were less reads mapping to sadA than to ubiquitous housekeeping genes (arcC and mutS), normalized reads counts were still >1000 times higher than those of rare control genes (icaA, icaB, and epiA). At protein sequence level SadA homologs were found in at least 7 phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Cyanobacteria, and in 23 genera of the phylum Firmicutes. A high proportion of the genera that have a SadA homolog belong to the classical skin and intestinal microbiota. The distribution of sadA in so many different phyla illustrates the importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). We show that the sadA gene is widely distributed in the human skin microbiome. When comparing the sadA read counts in the probands, there was no correlation between age and gender, but an enormous difference in the sadA read counts in the microbiome of the individuals. Since sadA is involved in TA synthesis, it is likely that the TA content of the skin is correlated with the amount of TA producing bacteria in the microbiome. In this way, the microbiome-generated TA could influence signal transmission in the epithelial and nervous system. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7736160 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77361602020-12-16 The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome Luqman, Arif Zabel, Susanne Rahmdel, Samane Merz, Britta Gruenheit, Nicole Harter, Johannes Nieselt, Kay Götz, Friedrich Front Microbiol Microbiology Trace amines (TA) are endogenously produced in mammals, have a low concentration in the central nervous system (CNS), but trigger a variety of neurological effects and intervene in host cell communication. It emerged that neurotransmitters and TA are produced also by the microbiota. As it has been shown that TA contribute to wound healing, we examined the skin microbiome of probands using shotgun metagenomics. The phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were predominant. Since SadA is a highly promiscuous TA-producing decarboxylase in Firmicutes, the skin microbiome was specifically examined for the presence of sadA-homologous genes. By mapping the reads of certain genes, we found that, although there were less reads mapping to sadA than to ubiquitous housekeeping genes (arcC and mutS), normalized reads counts were still >1000 times higher than those of rare control genes (icaA, icaB, and epiA). At protein sequence level SadA homologs were found in at least 7 phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Cyanobacteria, and in 23 genera of the phylum Firmicutes. A high proportion of the genera that have a SadA homolog belong to the classical skin and intestinal microbiota. The distribution of sadA in so many different phyla illustrates the importance of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). We show that the sadA gene is widely distributed in the human skin microbiome. When comparing the sadA read counts in the probands, there was no correlation between age and gender, but an enormous difference in the sadA read counts in the microbiome of the individuals. Since sadA is involved in TA synthesis, it is likely that the TA content of the skin is correlated with the amount of TA producing bacteria in the microbiome. In this way, the microbiome-generated TA could influence signal transmission in the epithelial and nervous system. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7736160/ /pubmed/33335515 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.573679 Text en Copyright © 2020 Luqman, Zabel, Rahmdel, Merz, Gruenheit, Harter, Nieselt and Götz. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Luqman, Arif Zabel, Susanne Rahmdel, Samane Merz, Britta Gruenheit, Nicole Harter, Johannes Nieselt, Kay Götz, Friedrich The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title | The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title_full | The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title_fullStr | The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title_full_unstemmed | The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title_short | The Neuromodulator-Encoding sadA Gene Is Widely Distributed in the Human Skin Microbiome |
title_sort | neuromodulator-encoding sada gene is widely distributed in the human skin microbiome |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7736160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33335515 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.573679 |
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