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Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Rice, the most important crop in Asia, has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5000 years. The landraces preserved by indigenous peoples and brought by immigrants from China hundreds of years ago exhibit large variation in morphology, implying that they comprise rich genetic resource...

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Autores principales: Hour, Ai-ling, Hsieh, Wei-hsun, Chang, Su-huang, Wu, Yong-pei, Chin, Han-shiuan, Lin, Yann-rong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer US 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7736384/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315140
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12284-020-00445-w
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author Hour, Ai-ling
Hsieh, Wei-hsun
Chang, Su-huang
Wu, Yong-pei
Chin, Han-shiuan
Lin, Yann-rong
author_facet Hour, Ai-ling
Hsieh, Wei-hsun
Chang, Su-huang
Wu, Yong-pei
Chin, Han-shiuan
Lin, Yann-rong
author_sort Hour, Ai-ling
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Rice, the most important crop in Asia, has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5000 years. The landraces preserved by indigenous peoples and brought by immigrants from China hundreds of years ago exhibit large variation in morphology, implying that they comprise rich genetic resources. Breeding goals according to the preferences of farmers, consumers and government policies also alter gene pools and genetic diversity of improved varieties. To unveil how genetic diversity is affected by natural, farmers’, and breeders’ selections is crucial for germplasm conservation and crop improvement. RESULTS: A diversity panel of 148 rice accessions, including 47 cultivars and 59 landraces from Taiwan and 42 accessions from other countries, were genotyped by using 75 molecular markers that revealed an average of 12.7 alleles per locus with mean polymorphism information content of 0.72. These accessions could be grouped into five subpopulations corresponding to wild rice, japonica landraces, indica landraces, indica cultivars, and japonica cultivars. The genetic diversity within subpopulations was: wild rices > landraces > cultivars; and indica rice > japonica rice. Despite having less variation among cultivars, japonica landraces had greater genetic variation than indica landraces because the majority of Taiwanese japonica landraces preserved by indigenous peoples were classified as tropical japonica. Two major clusters of indica landraces were formed by phylogenetic analysis, in accordance with immigration from two origins. Genetic erosion had occurred in later japonica varieties due to a narrow selection of germplasm being incorporated into breeding programs for premium grain quality. Genetic differentiation between early and late cultivars was significant in japonica (F(ST) = 0.3751) but not in indica (F(ST) = 0.0045), indicating effects of different breeding goals on modern germplasm. Indigenous landraces with unique intermediate and admixed genetic backgrounds were untapped, representing valuable resources for rice breeding. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic diversity of improved rice varieties has been substantially shaped by breeding goals, leading to differentiation between indica and japonica cultivars. Taiwanese landraces with different origins possess various and unique genetic backgrounds. Taiwanese rice germplasm provides diverse genetic variation for association mapping to unveil useful genes and is a precious genetic reservoir for rice improvement.
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spelling pubmed-77363842020-12-17 Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan Hour, Ai-ling Hsieh, Wei-hsun Chang, Su-huang Wu, Yong-pei Chin, Han-shiuan Lin, Yann-rong Rice (N Y) Original Article BACKGROUND: Rice, the most important crop in Asia, has been cultivated in Taiwan for more than 5000 years. The landraces preserved by indigenous peoples and brought by immigrants from China hundreds of years ago exhibit large variation in morphology, implying that they comprise rich genetic resources. Breeding goals according to the preferences of farmers, consumers and government policies also alter gene pools and genetic diversity of improved varieties. To unveil how genetic diversity is affected by natural, farmers’, and breeders’ selections is crucial for germplasm conservation and crop improvement. RESULTS: A diversity panel of 148 rice accessions, including 47 cultivars and 59 landraces from Taiwan and 42 accessions from other countries, were genotyped by using 75 molecular markers that revealed an average of 12.7 alleles per locus with mean polymorphism information content of 0.72. These accessions could be grouped into five subpopulations corresponding to wild rice, japonica landraces, indica landraces, indica cultivars, and japonica cultivars. The genetic diversity within subpopulations was: wild rices > landraces > cultivars; and indica rice > japonica rice. Despite having less variation among cultivars, japonica landraces had greater genetic variation than indica landraces because the majority of Taiwanese japonica landraces preserved by indigenous peoples were classified as tropical japonica. Two major clusters of indica landraces were formed by phylogenetic analysis, in accordance with immigration from two origins. Genetic erosion had occurred in later japonica varieties due to a narrow selection of germplasm being incorporated into breeding programs for premium grain quality. Genetic differentiation between early and late cultivars was significant in japonica (F(ST) = 0.3751) but not in indica (F(ST) = 0.0045), indicating effects of different breeding goals on modern germplasm. Indigenous landraces with unique intermediate and admixed genetic backgrounds were untapped, representing valuable resources for rice breeding. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic diversity of improved rice varieties has been substantially shaped by breeding goals, leading to differentiation between indica and japonica cultivars. Taiwanese landraces with different origins possess various and unique genetic backgrounds. Taiwanese rice germplasm provides diverse genetic variation for association mapping to unveil useful genes and is a precious genetic reservoir for rice improvement. Springer US 2020-12-14 /pmc/articles/PMC7736384/ /pubmed/33315140 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12284-020-00445-w Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Original Article
Hour, Ai-ling
Hsieh, Wei-hsun
Chang, Su-huang
Wu, Yong-pei
Chin, Han-shiuan
Lin, Yann-rong
Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title_full Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title_fullStr Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title_full_unstemmed Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title_short Genetic Diversity of Landraces and Improved Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan
title_sort genetic diversity of landraces and improved varieties of rice (oryza sativa l.) in taiwan
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7736384/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315140
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12284-020-00445-w
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