Light promoted brown staining of protoplasm by Ag(+) is ideal to test wheat pollen viability rapidly

Pollen viability is crucial for wheat breeding programs. The unique potential of the protoplasm of live cells to turn brown due to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through rapid photoreduction of Ag(+), was exploited for testing wheat pollen viability. Ag(+)-viability test medium (consisting of 0.5 mM AgNO(3) and 300 mM KNO(3)) incubated with wheat pollen turned brown within 2 min under intense light (~600 μmol photon flux density m(-2)s(-1)), but not in dark. The brown medium displayed AgNPs-specific surface plasmon resonance band in its absorption spectrum. Light microscopic studies showed the presence of uniformly stained brown protoplasm in viable pollen incubated with Ag(+)-viability medium in the presence of light. Investigations with transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray established the presence of distinct 5–35 nm NPs composed of Ag. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that AgNPs were crystalline and biphasic composed of Ag(0) and Ag(2)O. Conversely, non-viable pollen and heat-killed pollen did not turn brown on incubation with Ag(+-)medium in light. We believe that the viable wheat pollen turn brown rapidly by bio-transforming Ag(+) to AgNPs through photoreduction. Our findings furnish a novel simplest and rapid method for testing wheat pollen viability.