Mechanism of SQQX Decoction's Protective Effect on SHR: A Serum Metabolomics-Based Analysis

SangQiQingXuan (SQQX) decoction is a pharmaceutical preparation exerting good therapeutic efficacy on high blood pressure (BP) and has widely been accepted in primarily hypertensive patients as a herbal formula prescribed by Professor Li Huang from China-Japan Friendship Hospital according to her 30-year clinical experience. A previous study showed that SQQX could reduce BP by decreasing levels of many inflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and elevating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) expression. However, a research focusing on SQQX's protection against HTN from a metabolomic perspective has never been done before. This study aimed to figure out the metabolic profiling variations due to oral administration of SQQX in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) models and to find out the optimal dosage of SQQX. SHR in the intervention group orally received SQQX extract of three doses, namely, the low- (5.25 g/kg/d), middle- (10.5 g/kg/d), and high-dosage groups (21 g/kg/d) for 90 days. Rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, and their serum was collected for further examination. Serum metabolic profiling variations were analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Results showed that dealing with SQQX remarkably decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) of SHRs and the high-dosage group was with the best therapeutic effect where a total of 11 metabolites were markedly changed in contrast to the model group. Orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot showed that the 5 groups of serum samples were divided into 5 categories, and the metabolic trajectory of the high-dosage SQQX group was inclined to move to the control group. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid, nicotinamide-N-oxide, and tryptophan betaine might be biomarkers that specifically marked the protective effects of SQQX against high BP mainly involving in cholesterol metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. To conclude, SQQX has a protective effect on SHR, which may be partially correlated to restoration of perturbed metabolism in serum.