3D Printed Ti–6Al–4V Implant with a Micro/Nanostructured Surface and Its Cellular Responses

[Image: see text] Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been proved to be a powerful tool for the free-form fabrication of titanium (Ti) implants. However, the surface quality of 3D printed Ti implants is not suitable for clinical application directly. Therefore, surface modification of 3D printed Ti implants is required in order to achieve good biocompatibility and osseointegration. In this study, a novel surface modification method of 3D printed Ti–6Al–4V implants has been proposed, which combined acid etching with hydrothermal treatment to construct micro/nanostructures. Polished TC4 sheets (P), electron beam melting Ti sheets (AE), and micro/nanostructured Ti sheets (AMH) were used in this study to evaluate the effects of different surface morphologies on cellular responses. The surface morphology and 3D topography after treatment were detected via scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning microscopy. The results illustrated that a hierarchical structure comprising micro-valleys and nanowires with a surface roughness of 14.388 μm was successfully constructed. Compared with group P samples, the hydrophilicity of group AMH samples significantly increased with a reduced water contact angle from 54.9° to 4.5°. Cell culture experiments indicated that the micro/nanostructures on the material surface could enhance the cell adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3s. The microstructure could enhance bone-to-implant contact, and the nanostructure could directly interact with some cell membrane receptors. Overall, this study proposes a new strategy to construct micro/nanostructures on the surface of 3D printed Ti–6Al–4V implants and may further serve as a potential modification method for better osteogenesis ability.