The impacts of COVID-19, meteorology, and emission control policies on PM(2.5) drops in Northeast Asia

In January 2020, anthropogenic emissions in Northeast Asia reduced due to the COVID-19 outbreak. When outdoor activities of the public were limited, PM(2.5) concentrations in China and South Korea between February and March 2020 reduced by − 16.8 μg/m(3) and − 9.9 μg/m(3) respectively, compared with the average over the previous three years. This study uses air quality modeling and observations over the past four years to separate the influence of reductions in anthropogenic emissions from meteorological changes and emission control policies on this PM(2.5) concentration change. Here, we show that the impacts of anthropogenic pollution reduction on PM(2.5) were found to be approximately − 16% in China and − 21% in South Korea, while those of meteorology and emission policies were − 7% and − 8% in China, and − 5% and − 4% in South Korea, respectively. These results show that the influence on PM(2.5) concentration differs across time and region and according to meteorological conditions and emission control policies. Finally, the influence of reductions in anthropogenic emissions was greater than that of meteorological conditions and emission policies during COVID-19 period.