Surgeon-Administered Nerve Block During Rotator Cuff Repair Can Promote Recovery with Little or No Post-operative Opioid Use

BACKGROUND: The use of opioid analgesia is common in both the acute and extended post-operative periods after rotator cuff repair. The current opioid crisis has prompted surgeons to seek alternatives that minimize or even eliminate the need for oral opioids after surgery. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We sought to investigate the effects on post-operative opioid use of a surgeon-administered block of the suprascapular and axillary nerves in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), in particular to quantify outpatient opioid consumption and duration. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, all patients undergoing primary ARCR performed under general anesthesia by a single surgeon were studied over a 15-month period. Of 91 ARCRs performed, 87 patients were enrolled and followed prospectively. At the conclusion of the procedure, the surgeon performed “local–regional” nerve blockade with injections to the sensory branches of the suprascapular nerve and the axillary nerve, as well as local infiltration about the shoulder. Use of medications in the post-anesthesia care unit was left up to the anesthesiologist. Patients were prescribed oral opioids (hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5/325 mg) for analgesia after discharge. The quantity and duration of opioid use and pain scores were recorded for 4 months. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate factors that could account for greater opioid use. RESULTS: Total opioid consumption ranged from 0 to 30 opioid tablets (average, 4.2 tablets) over the 4-month period. Post-operatively, 91% of patients took between ten or fewer tablets, and 39% took no opioids. The average duration of opioid use was 2.4 days. No patients were taking opioids at the 4- to 6-week or 4-month follow-up visits, none required refills, and none received prescriptions from outside prescribers. No statistically significant differences were seen in opioids taken or duration of use in regard to tear size, sex, body mass index, surgery location, or procedure time. There was a significant inverse correlation between opioid use and age. In addition, the cost of the surgeon-performed procedure was substantially lower than that associated with pre-operative nerve blockade performed by an anesthesiologist. All patients were satisfied with the post-operative pain management protocol. Average reported post-operative pain scores were low and decreased at each visit. CONCLUSION: With this local–regional nerve-blocking protocol, opioid use after ARCR was unexpectedly low, and a large proportion of patients recovered without any post-surgical opioids. The correlation seen between opioid use and age may not be clinically significant, given the low use of post-operative opioids overall. These results may be useful in guiding post-operative opioid prescribing after ARCR, as well as in lowering costs associated with ARCR. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11420-019-09745-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.