Label-free hairpin-like aptamer and EIS-based practical, biostable sensor for acetamiprid detection

Acetamiprid (ACE) is a kind of broad-spectrum pesticide that has potential health risk to human beings. Aptamers (Ap-DNA (1)) have a great potential as analytical tools for pesticide detection. In this work, a label-free electrochemical sensing assay for ACE determination is presented by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). And the specific binding model between ACE and Ap-DNA (1) was further investigated for the first time. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and EIS demonstrated that the single strand AP-DNA (1) first formed a loosely secondary structure in Tris-HClO(4) (20 mM, pH = 7.4), and then transformed into a more stable hairpin-like structure when incubated in binding buffer (B-buffer). The formed stem-loop bulge provides the specific capturing sites for ACE, forming ACE/AP-DNA (1) complex, and induced the R(CT) (charge transfer resistance) increase between the solution-based redox probe [Fe(CN)(6)](3−/4−) and the electrode surface. The change of ΔR(CT) (charge transfer resistance change, ΔR(CT) = R(CT(after))-R(CT(before))) is positively related to the ACE level. As a result, the AP-DNA (1) biosensor showed a high sensitivity with the ACE concentration range spanning from 5 nM to 200 mM and a detection limit of 1 nM. The impedimetric AP-DNA (1) sensor also showed good selectivity to ACE over other selected pesticides and exhbited excellent performance in environmental water and orange juice samples analysis, with spiked recoveries in the range of 85.8% to 93.4% in lake water and 83.7% to 89.4% in orange juice. With good performance characteristics of practicality, sensitivity and selectivity, the AP-DNA (1) sensor holds a promising application for the on-site ACE detection.