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New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling

Classically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous lipids, of which the best known are anandamide (AEA) and 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their enzyme machinery for synthesis and degradation and their specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor two...

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Autores principales: Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín, de Sá-Ferreira, Caio O., Miyakoshi, Leo M., Hedin-Pereira, Cecilia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7759141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33362550
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.596572
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author Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín
de Sá-Ferreira, Caio O.
Miyakoshi, Leo M.
Hedin-Pereira, Cecilia
author_facet Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín
de Sá-Ferreira, Caio O.
Miyakoshi, Leo M.
Hedin-Pereira, Cecilia
author_sort Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín
collection PubMed
description Classically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous lipids, of which the best known are anandamide (AEA) and 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their enzyme machinery for synthesis and degradation and their specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor two (CB2). However, endocannabinoids also bind to other groups of receptors. Furthermore, another group of lipids are considered to be endocannabinoids, such as the fatty acid ethanolamides, the fatty acid primary amides and the monoacylglycerol related molecules. Recently, it has been shown that the hemopressin peptide family, derived from α and β chains of hemoglobins, is a new family of cannabinoids. Some studies indicate that hemopressin peptides are expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and act as ligands of these receptors, thus suggesting that they play a physiological role. In this review, we examine new evidence on lipid endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the modulation of their signaling pathways. We focus our discussion on the current knowledge of the pharmacological effects, the biosynthesis of the peptide cannabinoids and the new insights on the activation and modulation of cannabinoid receptors by these peptides. The novel peptide compounds derived from hemoglobin chains and their non-classical activation of cannabinoid receptors are only starting to be uncovered. It will be exciting to follow the ensuing discoveries, not only in reference to what is already known of the classical lipid endocannabinoids revealing more complex aspects of endocannabinoid system, but also as to its possibilities as a future therapeutic tool.
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spelling pubmed-77591412020-12-25 New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín de Sá-Ferreira, Caio O. Miyakoshi, Leo M. Hedin-Pereira, Cecilia Front Pharmacol Pharmacology Classically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous lipids, of which the best known are anandamide (AEA) and 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their enzyme machinery for synthesis and degradation and their specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor two (CB2). However, endocannabinoids also bind to other groups of receptors. Furthermore, another group of lipids are considered to be endocannabinoids, such as the fatty acid ethanolamides, the fatty acid primary amides and the monoacylglycerol related molecules. Recently, it has been shown that the hemopressin peptide family, derived from α and β chains of hemoglobins, is a new family of cannabinoids. Some studies indicate that hemopressin peptides are expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and act as ligands of these receptors, thus suggesting that they play a physiological role. In this review, we examine new evidence on lipid endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the modulation of their signaling pathways. We focus our discussion on the current knowledge of the pharmacological effects, the biosynthesis of the peptide cannabinoids and the new insights on the activation and modulation of cannabinoid receptors by these peptides. The novel peptide compounds derived from hemoglobin chains and their non-classical activation of cannabinoid receptors are only starting to be uncovered. It will be exciting to follow the ensuing discoveries, not only in reference to what is already known of the classical lipid endocannabinoids revealing more complex aspects of endocannabinoid system, but also as to its possibilities as a future therapeutic tool. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7759141/ /pubmed/33362550 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.596572 Text en Copyright © 2020 Riquelme-Sandoval, de Sá-Ferreira, Miyakoshi and Hedin-Pereira http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Pharmacology
Riquelme-Sandoval, Agustín
de Sá-Ferreira, Caio O.
Miyakoshi, Leo M.
Hedin-Pereira, Cecilia
New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title_full New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title_fullStr New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title_full_unstemmed New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title_short New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling
title_sort new insights into peptide cannabinoids: structure, biosynthesis and signaling
topic Pharmacology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7759141/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33362550
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.596572
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