Lignin Based Activated Carbon Using H(3)PO(4) Activation

Activated carbon (AC) with a very high surface area of over 2000 m(2)/g was produced from low sulfur acid hydrotropic lignin (AHL) from poplar wood using H(3)PO(4) at a moderate temperature of 450 °C (AHL-AC6). ACs with similar surface areas were also obtained under the same activation condition from commercial hardwood alkali lignin and lignosulfonate. Initial evaluation of AC performance was carried out using nitrogen adsorption-desorption and dye adsorption. AHL-AC6 exhibited the best specific surface area and dye adsorption performance. Furthermore, the adsorption results of congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) showed AHL-AC6 had greater adsorption capacity than those reported in literature. The dye adsorption data fit to the Langmuir model well. The fitting parameter suggests the adsorption is nearly strong and near irreversible, especially for MB. The present study for the first time provided a procedure for producing AC from lignin with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area >2000 m(2)/g using low cost and low environmental impact H(3)PO(4) at moderate temperatures.