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The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures

Nitrogen remains an important macronutrient in plant root growth due to its application in amino acid production, in addition to its more elusive role in cellular signalling through nitric oxide (NO). NO is widely accepted as an important signalling oxidative radical across all organisms, leading to...

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Autores principales: Ventimiglia, Leslie, Mutus, Bulent
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7760381/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33266126
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121206
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author Ventimiglia, Leslie
Mutus, Bulent
author_facet Ventimiglia, Leslie
Mutus, Bulent
author_sort Ventimiglia, Leslie
collection PubMed
description Nitrogen remains an important macronutrient in plant root growth due to its application in amino acid production, in addition to its more elusive role in cellular signalling through nitric oxide (NO). NO is widely accepted as an important signalling oxidative radical across all organisms, leading to its study in a wide range of biological pathways. Along with its more stable NO donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), formed by NO non-enzymatically in the presence of glutathione (GSH), NO is a redox-active molecule capable of mediating target protein cysteine thiols through the post translational modification, S-nitrosation. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) thereby acts as a mediator to pathways regulated by NO due to its activity in the irreversible reduction of GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ammonia. GSNOR is thought to be pleiotropic and often acts by mediating the cellular environment in response to stress conditions. Under optimal conditions its activity leads to growth by transcriptional upregulation of the nitrate transporter, NRT2.1, and through its interaction with phytohormones like auxin and strigolactones associated with root development. However, in response to highly nitrosative and oxidative conditions its activity is often downregulated, possibly through an S-nitrosation site on GSNOR at cys271, Though GSNOR knockout mutated plants often display a stunted growth phenotype in all structures, they also tend to exhibit a pre-induced protective effect against oxidative stressors, as well as an improved immune response associated with NO accumulation in roots.
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spelling pubmed-77603812020-12-26 The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures Ventimiglia, Leslie Mutus, Bulent Antioxidants (Basel) Review Nitrogen remains an important macronutrient in plant root growth due to its application in amino acid production, in addition to its more elusive role in cellular signalling through nitric oxide (NO). NO is widely accepted as an important signalling oxidative radical across all organisms, leading to its study in a wide range of biological pathways. Along with its more stable NO donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), formed by NO non-enzymatically in the presence of glutathione (GSH), NO is a redox-active molecule capable of mediating target protein cysteine thiols through the post translational modification, S-nitrosation. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) thereby acts as a mediator to pathways regulated by NO due to its activity in the irreversible reduction of GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ammonia. GSNOR is thought to be pleiotropic and often acts by mediating the cellular environment in response to stress conditions. Under optimal conditions its activity leads to growth by transcriptional upregulation of the nitrate transporter, NRT2.1, and through its interaction with phytohormones like auxin and strigolactones associated with root development. However, in response to highly nitrosative and oxidative conditions its activity is often downregulated, possibly through an S-nitrosation site on GSNOR at cys271, Though GSNOR knockout mutated plants often display a stunted growth phenotype in all structures, they also tend to exhibit a pre-induced protective effect against oxidative stressors, as well as an improved immune response associated with NO accumulation in roots. MDPI 2020-11-30 /pmc/articles/PMC7760381/ /pubmed/33266126 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121206 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ventimiglia, Leslie
Mutus, Bulent
The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title_full The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title_fullStr The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title_full_unstemmed The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title_short The Physiological Implications of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Activity Mediating NO Signalling in Plant Root Structures
title_sort physiological implications of s-nitrosoglutathione reductase (gsnor) activity mediating no signalling in plant root structures
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7760381/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33266126
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121206
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