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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya

Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February an...

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Autores principales: Kemboi, David Chebutia, Ochieng, Phillis E., Antonissen, Gunther, Croubels, Siska, Scippo, Marie-Louise, Okoth, Sheila, Kangethe, Erastus K., Faas, Johannes, Doupovec, Barbara, Lindahl, Johanna F., Gathumbi, James K.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7761711/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33287105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762
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author Kemboi, David Chebutia
Ochieng, Phillis E.
Antonissen, Gunther
Croubels, Siska
Scippo, Marie-Louise
Okoth, Sheila
Kangethe, Erastus K.
Faas, Johannes
Doupovec, Barbara
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Gathumbi, James K.
author_facet Kemboi, David Chebutia
Ochieng, Phillis E.
Antonissen, Gunther
Croubels, Siska
Scippo, Marie-Louise
Okoth, Sheila
Kangethe, Erastus K.
Faas, Johannes
Doupovec, Barbara
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Gathumbi, James K.
author_sort Kemboi, David Chebutia
collection PubMed
description Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.
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spelling pubmed-77617112020-12-26 Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya Kemboi, David Chebutia Ochieng, Phillis E. Antonissen, Gunther Croubels, Siska Scippo, Marie-Louise Okoth, Sheila Kangethe, Erastus K. Faas, Johannes Doupovec, Barbara Lindahl, Johanna F. Gathumbi, James K. Toxins (Basel) Article Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector. MDPI 2020-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC7761711/ /pubmed/33287105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Kemboi, David Chebutia
Ochieng, Phillis E.
Antonissen, Gunther
Croubels, Siska
Scippo, Marie-Louise
Okoth, Sheila
Kangethe, Erastus K.
Faas, Johannes
Doupovec, Barbara
Lindahl, Johanna F.
Gathumbi, James K.
Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title_full Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title_fullStr Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title_full_unstemmed Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title_short Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
title_sort multi-mycotoxin occurrence in dairy cattle and poultry feeds and feed ingredients from machakos town, kenya
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7761711/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33287105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120762
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