Cargando…
Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification
The assessment of olfactory function is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in cases of cognitive decline (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases), where olfactory alterations may be relevant as potential early biomarkers. The Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test, developed in Germany and validated in se...
Autores principales: | , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33297359 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120943 |
_version_ | 1783627774228955136 |
---|---|
author | Delgado-Losada, María Luisa Delgado-Lima, Alice Helena Bouhaben, Jaime |
author_facet | Delgado-Losada, María Luisa Delgado-Lima, Alice Helena Bouhaben, Jaime |
author_sort | Delgado-Losada, María Luisa |
collection | PubMed |
description | The assessment of olfactory function is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in cases of cognitive decline (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases), where olfactory alterations may be relevant as potential early biomarkers. The Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test, developed in Germany and validated in several countries, is an objective measure of olfactory performance. This study aims to validate this test in a Spanish sample. This study included 209 healthy normosmic volunteers (154 females and 55 males) aged between 20 to 79 years (mean age = 50.11 ± 15.18 years) as the normative sample. From this group, 22 participants were retested in order to obtain test–retest reliability evidence. Odor familiarity for descriptors in the olfactory identification test was also studied on an independent healthy sample (n = 69), and required cultural modifications were applied. Results indicate that men and women, as well as smokers and non-smokers, performed equally in every test. However, significant differences were found between age groups in every score. The general trend is that olfactory function progressively decreases as a function of age, the elderly group (+60 years) being the one with the lowest scores. In conclusion, this normative data, in addition to the test’s cultural modifications, allows the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test to be administered on a Spanish population. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7762307 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-77623072020-12-26 Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification Delgado-Losada, María Luisa Delgado-Lima, Alice Helena Bouhaben, Jaime Brain Sci Article The assessment of olfactory function is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in cases of cognitive decline (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases), where olfactory alterations may be relevant as potential early biomarkers. The Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test, developed in Germany and validated in several countries, is an objective measure of olfactory performance. This study aims to validate this test in a Spanish sample. This study included 209 healthy normosmic volunteers (154 females and 55 males) aged between 20 to 79 years (mean age = 50.11 ± 15.18 years) as the normative sample. From this group, 22 participants were retested in order to obtain test–retest reliability evidence. Odor familiarity for descriptors in the olfactory identification test was also studied on an independent healthy sample (n = 69), and required cultural modifications were applied. Results indicate that men and women, as well as smokers and non-smokers, performed equally in every test. However, significant differences were found between age groups in every score. The general trend is that olfactory function progressively decreases as a function of age, the elderly group (+60 years) being the one with the lowest scores. In conclusion, this normative data, in addition to the test’s cultural modifications, allows the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test to be administered on a Spanish population. MDPI 2020-12-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7762307/ /pubmed/33297359 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120943 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Delgado-Losada, María Luisa Delgado-Lima, Alice Helena Bouhaben, Jaime Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title | Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title_full | Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title_fullStr | Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title_full_unstemmed | Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title_short | Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin’ Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification |
title_sort | spanish validation for olfactory function testing using the sniffin’ sticks olfactory test: threshold, discrimination, and identification |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33297359 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120943 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT delgadolosadamarialuisa spanishvalidationforolfactoryfunctiontestingusingthesniffinsticksolfactorytestthresholddiscriminationandidentification AT delgadolimaalicehelena spanishvalidationforolfactoryfunctiontestingusingthesniffinsticksolfactorytestthresholddiscriminationandidentification AT bouhabenjaime spanishvalidationforolfactoryfunctiontestingusingthesniffinsticksolfactorytestthresholddiscriminationandidentification |