A Secure and Lightweight Three-Factor-Based Authentication Scheme for Smart Healthcare Systems †

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently been integrated with various healthcare devices to monitor patients’ health status and share it with their healthcare practitioners. Since healthcare data often contain personal and sensitive information, healthcare systems must provide a secure user authentication scheme. Recently, Adavoudi-Jolfaei et al. and Sharma and Kalra proposed a lightweight protocol using hash function encryption only for user authentication on wireless sensor systems. In this paper, we found some weaknesses in target schemes. We propose a novel three-factor lightweight user authentication scheme that addresses these weaknesses and verifies the security of the proposed scheme using a formal verification tool called ProVerif. In addition, our proposed scheme outperforms other proposed symmetric encryption-based schemes or elliptic curve-based schemes.