Intrinsic Fluctuations in Transpiration Induce Photorespiration to Oxidize P700 in Photosystem I

Upon exposure to environmental stress, the primary electron donor in photosystem I (PSI), P700, is oxidized to suppress the production of reactive oxygen species that could oxidatively inactivate the function of PSI. The illumination of rice leaves with actinic light induces intrinsic fluctuations in the opening and closing of stomata, causing the net CO(2) assimilation rate to fluctuate. We examined the effects of these intrinsic fluctuations on electron transport reactions. Under atmospheric O(2) conditions (21 kPa), the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Y(II)) remained relatively high while the net CO(2) assimilation rate fluctuated, which indicates the function of alternative electron flow. By contrast, under low O(2) conditions (2 kPa), Y(II) fluctuated. These results suggest that photorespiration primarily drove the alternative electron flow. Photorespiration maintained the oxidation level of ferredoxin (Fd) throughout the fluctuation of the net CO(2) assimilation rate. Moreover, the relative activity of photorespiration was correlated with both the oxidation level of P700 and the magnitude of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in 21 kPa O(2) conditions. These results show that photorespiration oxidized P700 by stimulating the proton gradient formation when CO(2) assimilation was suppressed by stomatal closure.