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Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans

Background: Studies in rodents have re-kindled interest in the study of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Animal studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the subarachnoid space and deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) through dural lymphatic vessels located in the skull base...

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Autores principales: Yağmurlu, Kaan, Sokolowski, Jennifer D., Çırak, Musa, Urgun, Kamran, Soldozy, Sauson, Mut, Melike, Shaffrey, Mark E., Tvrdik, Petr, Kalani, M. Yashar S.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763972/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316930
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120953
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author Yağmurlu, Kaan
Sokolowski, Jennifer D.
Çırak, Musa
Urgun, Kamran
Soldozy, Sauson
Mut, Melike
Shaffrey, Mark E.
Tvrdik, Petr
Kalani, M. Yashar S.
author_facet Yağmurlu, Kaan
Sokolowski, Jennifer D.
Çırak, Musa
Urgun, Kamran
Soldozy, Sauson
Mut, Melike
Shaffrey, Mark E.
Tvrdik, Petr
Kalani, M. Yashar S.
author_sort Yağmurlu, Kaan
collection PubMed
description Background: Studies in rodents have re-kindled interest in the study of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Animal studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the subarachnoid space and deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) through dural lymphatic vessels located in the skull base and the parasagittal area. Objective: To describe the connection of the DCLNs and lymphatic tributaries with the intracranial space through the jugular foramen, and to address the anatomical features and variations of the DCLNs and associated lymphatic channels in the neck. Methods: Twelve formalin-fixed human head and neck specimens were studied. Samples from the dura of the wall of the jugular foramen were obtained from two fresh human cadavers during rapid autopsy. The samples were immunostained with podoplanin and CD45 to highlight lymphatic channels and immune cells, respectively. Results: The mean number of nodes for DCLNs was 6.91 ± 0.58 on both sides. The mean node length was 10.1 ± 5.13 mm, the mean width was 7.03 ± 1.9 mm, and the mean thickness was 4 ± 1.04 mm. Immunohistochemical staining from rapid autopsy samples demonstrated that lymphatic vessels pass from the intracranial compartment into the neck through the meninges at the jugular foramen, through tributaries that can be called intrajugular lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: The anatomical features of the DCLNs and their connections with intracranial lymphatic structures through the jugular foramen represent an important possible route for the spread of cancers to and from the central nervous system; therefore, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of these lymphatic structures and their variations.
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spelling pubmed-77639722020-12-27 Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans Yağmurlu, Kaan Sokolowski, Jennifer D. Çırak, Musa Urgun, Kamran Soldozy, Sauson Mut, Melike Shaffrey, Mark E. Tvrdik, Petr Kalani, M. Yashar S. Brain Sci Article Background: Studies in rodents have re-kindled interest in the study of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Animal studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the subarachnoid space and deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) through dural lymphatic vessels located in the skull base and the parasagittal area. Objective: To describe the connection of the DCLNs and lymphatic tributaries with the intracranial space through the jugular foramen, and to address the anatomical features and variations of the DCLNs and associated lymphatic channels in the neck. Methods: Twelve formalin-fixed human head and neck specimens were studied. Samples from the dura of the wall of the jugular foramen were obtained from two fresh human cadavers during rapid autopsy. The samples were immunostained with podoplanin and CD45 to highlight lymphatic channels and immune cells, respectively. Results: The mean number of nodes for DCLNs was 6.91 ± 0.58 on both sides. The mean node length was 10.1 ± 5.13 mm, the mean width was 7.03 ± 1.9 mm, and the mean thickness was 4 ± 1.04 mm. Immunohistochemical staining from rapid autopsy samples demonstrated that lymphatic vessels pass from the intracranial compartment into the neck through the meninges at the jugular foramen, through tributaries that can be called intrajugular lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: The anatomical features of the DCLNs and their connections with intracranial lymphatic structures through the jugular foramen represent an important possible route for the spread of cancers to and from the central nervous system; therefore, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of these lymphatic structures and their variations. MDPI 2020-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7763972/ /pubmed/33316930 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120953 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Yağmurlu, Kaan
Sokolowski, Jennifer D.
Çırak, Musa
Urgun, Kamran
Soldozy, Sauson
Mut, Melike
Shaffrey, Mark E.
Tvrdik, Petr
Kalani, M. Yashar S.
Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title_full Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title_fullStr Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title_full_unstemmed Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title_short Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans
title_sort anatomical features of the deep cervical lymphatic system and intrajugular lymphatic vessels in humans
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763972/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316930
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120953
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